liver , an organ found only in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces the biochemistry necessary for digestion. In humans, it lies in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Other roles in metabolism include regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and hormone production.
The liver is an accessory gastrointestinal gland that produces bile, an alkaline compound that helps break down fats. Bile aid in digestion through lipid emulsification. The gallbladder, a small pouch located just below the heart, stores the bile produced by the liver. The highly specialized liver tissue consisting of most hepatocytes regulates various high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, much of which is required for normal vital functions. Estimates of the number of organ functions vary, but textbooks generally cite it to about 500.
Terminology related to the liver often begins at hepat - of ÃÆ' ¢ à ¢ â, "-, the Greek word for the liver.
There is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long run, although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term. An artificial heart has not been developed to promote long-term replacement without the presence of the liver. In 2017, liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure.
Video Liver
Structure
The liver is a reddish-brown wedge organ with four lobes of unequal size and shape. The human heart usually weighs 1.5-1.66 kg (3.3-3.7 pounds), and has a width of about 15 cm. It is the heaviest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body. Located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity, it lies just below the diaphragm, to the right of the stomach and covering the gallbladder.
The liver connects to two large blood vessels: the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta, while the portal vein carries the digestive, nutrient-rich blood of the entire gastrointestinal tract and also from the spleen and pancreas. These blood vessels divide into small capillaries known as the liver sinusoid, which then leads to the lobules.
Lobules are the functional units of the heart. Each lobule consists of millions of hepatic cells (hepatocytes) which are the basic metabolic cells. The lobules are arranged together by layers of fibroelastic dense fibrous connective tissue extending from the all-encompassing fibrous capsule known as the Glisson capsule. It extends into the liver structure, accompanying the blood vessels (blood vessels and arteries), channels and nerves in the hepatic hilum. The entire surface of the liver except for the naked area, covered in serous coat comes from the peritoneum, and it is firmly attached to the inner Glisson capsule.
Gross anatomy
Lobes
The liver is roughly divided into two parts when viewed from above - right and left lobes, and four parts when viewed from below (left lobe, right lobe, caudate and quadrate lobes).
The falciform ligament, divides the liver into the left and right lobes. From below, two additional lobes are located between the right and left lobes, one ahead of the other. A line can be imagined flowing from the left of the cava vein and all the way forward to divide the liver and the gallbladder into two parts. This line is called "Cantlie line".
Other anatomical landmarks include the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres), which further divides the left side of the liver into two parts. An important anatomical landmark, porta hepatis, divides this left into four segments, which can be numbered from a caudate lobe like mine in a counter-clockwise manner. From this parietal view, seven segments can be seen, since the eighth segment is visible only in the visceral view.
Surface
On the surface of the diaphragm , regardless of the bare area of ​​the triangle where it is connected to the diaphragm, the liver is covered by a thin-coated double membrane, the peritoneum, which helps reduce friction against other organs. This surface masks the convex shape of the two lobes in which it accommodates the shape of the diaphragm. The peritoneum folds back on itself to form a falciform ligament and a right and left triangle ligament.
These peritoneal ligaments are unrelated to the anatomical ligaments of the joints, and the right and left triangular ligaments have no known functional importance, although they act as surface markers. The falciform ligament serves to attach the liver to the posterior portion of the anterior body wall.
The surface visceral or the inferior surface, uneven and concave. It is covered in the peritoneum other than where it is attached to the gallbladder and porta hepatis.
Impressions
There are some impressions on the surface of the heart that accommodate various structures and adjacent organs. Below the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions, one behind the other and separated by a ridge. What is in front is a shallow colic impression , formed by the mucus of the liver and the back is a deeper impression of the kidney that accommodates the part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland..
Suprarenal impression is a small triangular depression area in the liver. It lies close to the right fossa, between the empty area and the caudate lobe, and just above the impression of the kidney. The larger part of the suprarenal impression is without the peritoneum and it lays down the proper suprarenal gland.
Medial to the impression of the kidney is a third impression and slightly marked, lies between it and the neck of the gallbladder. This is due to the descending duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression .
The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver is present behind and to the left of the gastric image . It is formed on the upper surface of the upper portion of the stomach, and to the right of this is a rounded eminence, omentale bulb, which fits with the lower curvature basin of the abdomen and is located in front of the lower anterior layer of the omentum.
Microscopic anatomy
Microscopically, each lobe of the liver appears to consist of the lobule hepatic. The lobule is approximately hexagonal, and consists of a hepatocyte plate radiating from the central vein. The central vein joins the hepatic vein to carry blood out of the liver. The typical component of the lobule is the portal triad, which can be found running along each corner of the lobe. Triad portals, with misleading names, consist of five structures: the branches of the hepatic artery, the hepatic portal vein branch, and the bile ducts, as well as the lymphatic vessels and the vagus nerve branches. Between the hepatocyte plate is the liver sinusoid, which is the enlarged capillary through which blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery enters through the portal triad, then flows into the central vein.
Histology, a microscopic anatomy study, shows two major types of liver cells: parenchymal cells and non-parenchymal cells. 70-85% of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes. Non-parenchymal cells constitute 40% of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5% of the volume. Liver sinusoids are lined with two types of cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and phagocytic Kupfer cells. Liver stellate cells are non-parenchymal cells found in the pericinusoidal space, between sinusoids and hepatocytes. In addition, intrahepatic lymphocytes are often present in the sinusoidal lumen.
Functional anatomy
The central or hepatic hilus area, including an opening known as porta hepatis carrying the bile ducts and common hepatic arteries, and opening for the portal vein. Channels, blood vessels, and arteries are divided into left and right branches, and the area of ​​the heart provided by these branches is the functional left and right lobes. The functional lobes are separated by imaginary planes, the Cantlie line, joining the gallbladder fossa into the inferior vena cava. The plane separates the liver into the right and left right lobes. The middle hepatic veins also demarcate the right and left right lobes. The right lobe is subdivided into anterior and posterior segments by the right hepatic vein. The left lobe is divided into medial and lateral segments by the left hepatic vein.
The area of ​​the liver cavity is described in three plates containing bile ducts and blood vessels. The contents of the entire plate system are surrounded by a shroud. The three plates are the downstream plate, the cyst plates and the umbilical plate and the plate system is the site of many anatomical variations found in the liver.
Couinaud classification system
In the widely used Couinaud system, the functional lobe is subdivided into a total of eight subsegments based on the transverse plane through the main portal vein bifurcation. The caudate lobe is a separate structure that receives the blood flow from both right and left vascular branches. The classification of Couinaud's liver anatomy divides the liver into eight independent functional liver segments. Each segment has its own blood vessel inflow, outflow and biliary drainage. At the center of each segment there are branches of portal veins, hepatic arteries and bile ducts. On the periphery of each segment there is a vascular flow through the hepatic vein. The classification system uses the vascular supply in the liver to separate the functional units (numbers I to VIII), with unit 1, the caudate lobe, receiving its supply from the right and left portal vein branches. It contains one or more hepatic veins that flow directly into the inferior vena cava. The remaining units (II through VIII) are numbered clockwise:
Maps Liver
Gene and protein expression
About 20,000 protein-encoding genes are expressed in human cells and 60% of these genes are expressed in the hearts of normal adults. More than 400 genes are more specifically expressed in the liver, with about 150 genes very specific for liver tissue. Most of the corresponding liver-specific proteins are primarily expressed in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood and are plasma proteins. Other liver-specific proteins are certain liver enzymes such as HAO1 and RDH16, proteins involved in bile synthesis such as BAAT and SLC27A5, and transport proteins involved in drug metabolism, such as ABCB11 and SLC2A2. Examples of highly liver-specific proteins include apolipoprotein A II, coagulation factors F2 and F9, protein related complementary factors and beta fibrinogen chain protein.
Development
Organogenesis, organ development takes place from the third week to the eighth week during embryogenesis. The origin of the liver lies in both the ventral part of the foregut endoderm (the endoderm being one of the 3 layers of the embryonic germs) and the constituents of the adjacent mesenchymal transverse septum. In human embryos, the liver diverticulum is an endoderm tube extending out of the foregut into surrounding mesenchyme. Mesenchyme of the transverse septum induces this endoderm to proliferate, branch, and form the epithelium of the lymph nodes. A portion of the liver diverticulum (the area closest to the gastrointestinal tube) continues to function as a liver drainage channel, and the branch of this channel produces a gallbladder. In addition to signals from the mesenchymal transverse septum, fibroblast growth factor of the developing heart also contributes to liver competence, along with retinoic acid derived from the lateral mesoderm plate. The liver endodermic cells undergo a morphological transition from columnar to pseudostratification resulting in thickening into the initial liver bud. Their expansion forms a bipotential hepatoblast population. Liver stelate cells are derived from mesenchyme.
After hepatoblast migration to the mesenchymal transverse septum, the liver architecture begins to form, with sinusoids of the liver and canaliculi of bile appearing. Liver buds separate into lobes. The left umbilical vein becomes the venous ducts and the right vitelline vein becomes the portal vein. Expanded liver buds are colonized by hematopoietic cells. Bipotential hepatoblasts begin to differentiate into biliary epithelial cells and hepatocytes. The biliary epithelial cells differentiate from the hepatoblasts around the portal vein, first producing a monolayer, and then bilayer cuboid cells. In the ductal plate, focal widening appears at the points in the bilayer, surrounded by the portal mesenchyme, and undergoes tubulogenesis into the intrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatoblasts are not adjacent to the portal vein, rather than differentiating into hepatocytes and arranging ropes coated by sinudoidal epithelial cells and biliary canaliculi. Once hepatoblasts are determined into hepatocytes and undergo further expansion, they begin to acquire the function of mature hepatocytes, and eventually mature hepatocytes appear as highly polarized epithelial cells with abundant accumulation of glycogen. In adult hearts, hepatocytes are unequal, with positions along the portocentrovenular axis in the liver lobule that dictate the expression of metabolic genes involved in drug metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, ammonia detoxification, and bile production and secretion. WNT/? - catenin has now been identified to play a key role in this phenomenon.
At birth, the liver consists of about 4% body weight and an average of 120 g. During further development, it will increase to 1.4-1.6 kg but will only take 2.5-3.5% of body weight.
Fetal blood supply
In a growing fetus, the main source of blood to the liver is the umbilical vein that supplies nutrients to the growing fetus. The umbilical vein enters the stomach in the umbilicus, and passes upward along the free margin of the phalciform ligament from the liver to the inferior surface of the liver. There join the left portal vein branch. The venous ducts carry blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein and then to the inferior vena cava, allowing placental blood to pass through the liver.
In the fetus, the liver does not perform the normal digestive process and filtering the baby's liver because nutrition is received directly from the mother through the placenta. The fetal heart releases some blood stem cells that migrate to the fetal thymus, creating T-cells or T-lymphocytes. After birth, blood stem cell formation shifts to the red bone marrow.
After two to five days, the umbilical vein and the venous ducts are completely obliterated; the first being the round ligament of the heart and the latter being the ligamentum venosum. In cirrhosis and portal hypertension, the umbilical vein may reopen.
Function
Various liver functions performed by liver cells or hepatocytes. The liver is considered responsible for up to 500 separate functions, usually combined with systems and other organs. Currently, no artificial organs or devices are capable of reproducing all liver functions. Some functions can be performed with liver dialysis, experimental treatment for liver failure.
Blood supply
The liver receives a double blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery. The hepatic portal vein provides about 75% of the liver blood supply, and carries venous blood flowing from the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and related organs. Hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver, accounting for a quarter of the rest of the blood stream. Oxygen is provided from both sources; about half of the liver's oxygen needs are met by the hepatic portal vein, and half of them are filled by the hepatic artery.
Blood flows through the sinusoids of the liver and empties into the central vein of each lobule. The central vein joins into the hepatic vein, which leaves the heart and flows into the inferior vena cava.
Biliary Flow
The bile duct originates from the branches of the bile ducts. The bile duct, also known as the gall tree, is the path where the bile is secreted by the liver and then transported to the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. The bile produced in the liver is collected in the bile canal, the small groove between adjacent hepatocyte faces. Kanalysis spreads to the end of the lobule of the liver, where they combine to form the bile ducts. Inside the liver, these channels are called intrahepatic bile ducts, and once they are out of the liver they are considered extrahepatic . The intrahepatic ducts eventually flow into the right and left hepatic ducts, which come out of the liver in transverse fissures, and merge to form the common hepatic ducts. The cystic channels of the gall bladder join the common hepatic ducts to form common bile ducts.
The bile flows directly into the duodenum through the bile duct, or is temporarily stored in the gallbladder through the cystic ducts. The bile ducts and the pancreatic ducts enter the second part of the duodenum together in ampulla hepatopancreatic, also known as the Vater ampule.
Synthesis
The liver plays a major role in carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, and lipid metabolism.
The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism: The liver synthesizes and stores about 100 g of glycogen via glycogenesis, glycogen formation of glucose. When needed, the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing glycogenolysis, breaking glycogen into glucose. The liver is also responsible for gluconeogenesis, which is the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol. Adipose and liver cells produce glycerol by breaking down fats, which the liver uses for gluconeogenesis.
The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism, synthesis and degradation. It is also responsible for most of the amino acid synthesis. The liver plays a role in the production of clotting factors as well as the production of red blood cells. Some proteins synthesized by the liver include coagulation factor I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XIII, and protein C, S protein and antithrombin. In the first trimester of the fetus, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production. At 32 weeks of pregnancy, the bone marrow almost completely takes over the task. The liver is the main production site for thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that regulates platelet production by bone marrow.
The liver plays several roles in lipid metabolism: it performs the synthesis of cholesterol, lipogenesis, the production of triglycerides, and most of the body's lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver.
The liver plays a key role in digestion, because it produces and secretes bile (yellowish liquid) needed to emulsify fats and helps the absorption of vitamin K from food. Some bile flows directly into the duodenum, and some are deposited in the gallbladder.
The liver also produces growth factors such as insulin 1 (IGF-1), the polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in the growth of childhood and continues to have anabolic effects in adults.
Details
The liver is responsible for damage to insulin and other hormones. The liver breaks down bilirubin through glucuronidation, facilitating excretion into the bile. The liver is responsible for the damage and excretion of many waste products. It plays a key role in breaking down or modifying toxic substances (eg, methylation) and most of the drug products in a process called drug metabolism. This sometimes causes poisoning, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor. Preferably, conjugated toxin to exploit excretion in bile or urine. The liver breaks down ammonia into urea as part of the urea cycle, and urea is excreted in the urine.
More
- The liver stores many substances, including glucose (in the form of glycogen), vitamin A (1-2 year supply), vitamin D (1-4 months supply), vitamin B12 (3 -5 year supply), vitamin K, iron, and copper.
- The liver is responsible for the immunological effects - the mononuclear phagocytic system in the liver contains many immunologically active cells, acting as a 'sieve' for antigens carried through the portal system.
- The liver produces albumin, the most abundant protein in the blood serum. This is important in the maintenance of oncotic pressure, and acts as a transport for fatty acids and steroid hormones.
- The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen, a hormone responsible for increasing blood pressure when activated by renin, an enzyme that is released when the kidneys feel low blood pressure.
- The liver produces catalase enzymes to break down hydrogen peroxide, a highly toxic substance due to strong oxidizing agent, into water and oxygen.
With aging
The oxidative capacity of the liver decreases with aging and therefore any drug that requires oxidation (eg, benzodiazepines) is more likely to accumulate to toxic levels. However, drugs with shorter half-lives, such as lorazepam and oxazepam, are preferred in many cases when benzodiazepines are necessary in the case of geriatric drugs.
Clinical interests
Disease
The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body. Due to its strategic location and multidimensional function, the liver is also vulnerable to many diseases. The bare area of ​​the liver is a site susceptible to the passage of infection from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity.
Hepatitis is a common condition of liver inflammation. The most common cause of this is viral, and the most common of these infections are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Some of these infections are sexually transmitted. Inflammation can also be caused by other viruses in the Herpesviridae family such as herpes simplex virus . Chronic (rather than acute) infection with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus is the leading cause of liver cancer. Globally, about 248 million people are chronically infected with HBV (with 843,724 in the US) and 142 million are chronically infected with HCV (with 2.7 million in the US). Globally there are about 114 million and 20 million cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E, but these generally improve, and do not become chronic (see Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E). Hepatitis D virus is a "satellite" of hepatitis B virus (can only infect in the presence of hepatitis B), and coinfected nearly 20 million people with hepatitis B, globally (see Hepatitis D).
Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by the accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream that are usually removed by the liver. This condition can lead to coma and can be fatal.
Other disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption are grouped under alcoholic liver disease and these include alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver, and cirrhosis. Factors that contribute to the development of alcoholic liver disease are not only the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, but can also include gender, genetics, and heart insults.
Liver damage can also be caused by medications, especially paracetamol and drugs used to treat cancer. The outbreak of the liver can be caused by liver shots used in combat sports.
Budd-Chiari syndrome is a condition caused by hepatic venous blockage (including thrombosis) that is drying the liver. It comes with a classic triad of abdominal pain, ascites, and liver enlargement.
Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune disease of the liver. It is characterized by slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver, with the intralobular ducts (Channel) attacking the onset of the disease. When the duct is damaged, bile and other toxins accumulate in the liver (cholestasis) and over time damage the liver tissue in combination with the immune-related damage that is underway. It can cause scarring (fibrosis) and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis increases resistance to blood flow in the liver, and can cause portal hypertension. Congenital anastomosis between the portal vein system and the systemic circulation may be the next condition.
Many liver diseases accompanied by jaundice are caused by increased bilirubin levels in the system. Bilirubin is produced from the rupture of the dead red blood cell hemoglobin; Usually, the liver removes bilirubin from the blood and releases it through the bile.
There are also many pediatric liver diseases, including biliary atresia, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, alagille syndrome, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and the most common benign type hepatic tumor of the liver tumor, which is considered congenital. The genetic disorder that causes some cysts to form in liver tissue, usually later in life, and usually without symptoms, is a polycystic liver disease. Diseases that interfere with liver function will cause chaos to these processes. However, the liver has a good capacity to regenerate and has a large reserve capacity. In most cases, the liver only produces symptoms after extensive damage.
Hepatomegaly refers to the heart that grows and can be caused by many causes. Can be corrected in the measurement of liver ranges.
Liver disease can be diagnosed by a liver-blood test function that can identify multiple markers. For example, acute phase reactants are produced by the liver in response to injury or inflammation.
Symptoms
Classic symptoms of liver damage include the following:
- Pale stool occurs when stercobilin, brown pigment, is not on the bench. Stercobilin is derived from bilirubin metabolites produced in the liver.
- Dark urine occurs when bilirubin mixes with urine
- Jaundice (yellow and/or white skin) This is where bilirubin settles on the skin, causing intense itching. Itching is the most common complaint by people who experience liver failure. Often this itch can not be eliminated with drugs.
- Swelling on the abdomen, ankles and feet occurs because the liver fails to make albumin.
- Excessive fatigue occurs from loss of nutrients, minerals, and vitamins in general.
- Bruises and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease. The liver makes substances that help prevent bleeding. When liver damage occurs, these substances are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur.
- Pain in the right upper quadrant may occur due to stretching of Glisson capsules under conditions of hepatitis and pre-eclampsia.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of liver disease is made by a liver function test, a blood test group, which can easily indicate the extent of liver damage. If infection is suspected, other serological tests will be performed. Physical examination of the liver can only reveal its size and softness, and some imaging forms such as ultrasound or CT scan may also be required. Sometimes a liver biopsy is necessary, and tissue samples are taken through a needle inserted into the skin just below the rib cage. This procedure can be assisted by a sonographer who provides ultrasound guidance to an interventional radiologist.
Liver regeneration
The liver is the only organ in humans capable of natural regeneration of the lost tissue; as little as 25% of the liver can regenerate into whole heart. However, this is not a true regeneration but a compensatory growth in mammals. The raised lobes do not grow back and the growth of the liver is the restoration of function, not the original form. This contrasts with the true regeneration in which both the original function and form are returned. In some other species, such as fish, the liver undergoes genuine regeneration by restoring the shape and size of the organs. At the heart, a large area of ​​tissue is formed but for the formation of new cells there should be enough material so that the blood circulation becomes more active.
This is mainly because the hepatocytes re-enter the cell cycle. That is, hepatocytes go from phase G0 stationary to G1 phase and undergo mitosis. This process is activated by p75 receptors. There is also some evidence of bipotential stem cells, called liver oval cells or ovalocytes (not to be confused with ovalocytosis red blood cells), which are suspected to be on the canals of the Vulture. These cells can differentiate into hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. Cholangiocytes are the bile duct epithelial cells. They are cuboid epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus that secrete larger bile ducts near the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts. Research is being conducted on the use of stem cells for the formation of artificial liver.
Scientific and medical work on liver regeneration often refers to the Greek Prometheus Titan chained to a rock in the Caucasus where, every day, his heart is eaten by eagles, only to grow back every night. The myth suggests the ancient Greeks may have known about the extraordinary capacity of the heart to improve.
Liver transplant
Human liver transplants were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and Roy Calne in Cambridge, England in 1963 and 1967, respectively.
Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure. Most transplants are performed for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis, such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, and autoimmune hepatitis. Less commonly, liver transplants are performed for fulminant liver failure, where liver failure occurs for several days to weeks.
Allgraft liver for transplantation usually comes from a donor who has died of a fatal brain injury. Live donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of the liver of a living person is removed (hepatectomy) and is used to replace the entire liver of the recipient. It was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation. Only 20 percent of adult hearts (Couinaud segments 2 and 3) are required to serve as a liver allograft for infants or young children.
Recently, adult-to-adult liver transplants have been performed using the donor's right lobe, which accounts for 60 percent of the liver. Because of the ability of the liver to regenerate, both the donor and the recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well. This procedure is more controversial, as it requires a much larger operation on donors, and indeed there are at least two donor deaths from the first few hundred cases. Recent publications have addressed the issue of donor death, and at least 14 cases have been found. The risk of postoperative (and death) complications is much greater in right-sided surgery than in left-sided surgery.
With the recent advances in noninvasive imaging, living liver donors typically have to undergo imaging examinations for the anatomy of the liver to decide whether anatomy is viable for donations. Evaluation is usually done with multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MDCT both in vascular anatomy and volumetry. MRI is used for biliary tree anatomy. Donors with a very unusual anatomy of blood vessels, which makes them unsuitable for donations, can be screened to avoid unnecessary surgery.
Society and culture
In Greek mythology, Prometheus was punished by the gods for exposing fire to man, chained to a rock where the vulture (or eagle) would peck his heart, which would regenerate overnight. (The heart is the only organ in man that can actually regenerate itself to a significant degree.) Many ancient people in the Near East and Mediterranean regions practice a type of prophecy called mustpicy, where they try to obtain information by examining the sheep and animal livers others.
In Plato, and in later physiology, the heart is regarded as the darkest emotional position (especially wrath, jealousy, and greed) that encourages humans to act. The Talmud (tractat Berakhot 61b ) refers to the heart as the center of anger, with the gall bladder eliminating this.
Persian, Urdu, and Hindi languages ​​(or jigar ) refer to the heart in figurative language to demonstrate strong courage and feelings, or "best"; for example, "This Mecca has tossed the heart to you!". The term jan e jigar , literally "the power (strength) of my heart", is a term of affection in Urdu. In Persian, jigar is used as an adjective for any desired object, especially women. In Zulu, the word for the heart (isibindi) is similar to the word courage.
The Heart-Eating Legend Johnson says that he will cut and eat the hearts of every man killed after dinner.
In the movie The Message , Hind bint Utbah is implied or depicted eating Hamza ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib during the Battle of Uhud. Although there are narrations indicating that Hind did "taste", rather than eating, Hamza's heart, the authenticity of this narration had to be questioned.
On 26 November 1987, the city of Ferrol, Spain, inaugurated what is believed to be the only monument to the heart of the world. The mayor, Jaime Quintanilla, also happens to be a doctor, and thinks appropriately to promote the monument. At an estimated cost of $ 3,200, this monument stands in the village of Balon. A plaque reads (In Galician, free translation): "The heart is the foundation of Life", and under "Through History, Humans try to heal all sicknesses By helping in this task you are doing a great job." We are grateful for that ".
Food
The liver of mammals, poultry, and fish is usually eaten as food by humans. Domestic pigs, cows, sheep, cattle, chickens and goose livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets.
The liver can be roasted, boiled, roasted, fried, fried, or eaten raw ( asbeh nayeh or sawda naye in Lebanese cuisine, or sashimi hearts in Japanese cuisine. - combined with pieces of cuts of meat or kidneys, as in various forms of Middle Eastern roasted mixture (eg iurav Yerushalmi).The famous examples include liver pÃÆ'Ã… © ng, foie gras, liver chopped, and leverpastej Liver sausage such as Braunschweiger and liver sausage are also a valuable food Heart Sausage can also be used as a leaflet.Asicillian traditional flavor, skilpadjies, is made from liver chopped liver wrapped in netvet (fat caul), and roasted over an open fire.
The liver is rich in iron, vitamin A and vitamin B 12 , and cod fish oil is commonly used as food supplements. Traditionally, some fish fish are valued as food, especially stingrays. It is used to prepare delicious foods, such as boiled skate fish in English toast, and beignet de foie de raie and
Other animals
The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is usually the largest visceral (internal) organ. The shape varies in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of surrounding organs. However, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where body shape requires a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the heart is generally the same in all vertebrates.
An organ sometimes referred to as the liver is found to be associated with the gastrointestinal tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus . Despite performing many functions of the heart, it is not regarded as the true but homologous heart of the vertebrate heart. Caecum hepaticum amphioxus produces special proteins of vitellogenin of the liver, antithrombin, plasminogen, alanine aminotransferase, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
References
The work cited
- Dorland medical dictionary (32nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. 2012. ISBN: 978-1-4557-0985-4.
External links
- Heart in Human Protein Atlas
- VIRTUAL Liver - an online learning resource
- Liver enzyme
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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