Kafir

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Gentiles (Arabic: ???? ? k ; plural ?????????? k? fir? na , ????? kuff? r or ??????? feminine ????? k? plait ) is an Arabic term (from root KFR "to cover") which means "unbelievers", or "unbelievers." The term refers to people who reject or disbelieve in God in accordance with the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, and deny the domination and authority of the Islamic deity, and thus often translated as "infidels". Muhammad Asad regarded the "infidels" as the "infidels" wrong translation made by some scholars and Western Quranic translations, as it is not synonymous with "non-Muslims"; Thus, a person who does good deeds without expecting a worldly reward will not become a heathen. At the same time, infidels are sometimes used as insulting terms, especially by members of the political Islam movement. Non-credentials are called kufr . Kafir is sometimes used interchangeably with mushrik ( ???? , those who conduct polytheism), other types of religious actors often mentioned in the Quran and Islamic works. The practice of declaring another Muslim who claims to be a disbeliever is known as the takfir . The person who denies the creator's existence is called Dahriya .

Video Kafir

Etimologi

The word k? Fir is the active participle of the K-F-R root. As the pre-Islamic term described the farmers bury the seeds on the ground. One application in the Qur'an is also the same as farmers. Because farmers cover seeds with soil while planting, the word k? Fir implies a person hiding or sheltering. Ideologically, this implies a person who conceals or hides the truth. The poet rectifies the darkness of the night as a fir, as a survival of the use of religion or pre-Islamic mythology. The noun for distrust, "blasphemy", "irreverence" rather than unbelievers, is kufr .

The Hebrew words " kipper " and " kofer " have the same root as " kafir " ???????, or KFR. "Kipper" has many meanings including, to "refuse", "redeem", "cover", "cleanse", "represent", or "transfer". The last two meanings involve "kofer" which means "ransom". "Kipper" and "kofer" are mostly likely to be used together in the Jewish faith to show God's transfer of guilt from innocent parties using the guilty parties as "ransom".

Maps Kafir

Usage

The practice of declaring other Muslims as infidels is takfir . Kufr (unbelief) and shirk (polytheism) are used throughout the Koran and are sometimes used alternately by Muslims. According to Salafi scholars, Kufr is "the rejection of Truth" (truth in the form of articles of faith in Islam), and shirk mean devoting "acts of worship to anything other than God" idols and other creatures ". So a polytheist can worship other things while also "acknowledging God".

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In the Quran

The difference between believers in Islam and those who are not important in the Qur'an, the Islamic book. Kafir , and the plural kuffaar , used directly 134 times in the Quran, the verbal phrase " kufr " was used 37 times, infidels used around 250 times.

With the extension of the basic meaning of the root, "to cover", this term is used in the Quran in the sense of neglecting/failing to acknowledge and reject/not thank. The meaning of "mistrust", which has been regarded as the primary, retains all these connotations in the use of the Qur'an. In the Qur'anic discourse, the term symbolizes all things that are unacceptable and offensive to God. Charles Adams writes that the most fundamental meaning of kufr in the Qur'an is "not grateful", deliberate refusal to recognize or appreciate the benefits God has given to humans, including clear signs and verses, revealed verse.

According to E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 4, the term was first applied in the Qur'an to unbelieving Meccans, who sought to "defy and upset the Prophet". Attitudes to the disbelievers are recommended in the beginning for Muslims; then, Muslims are commanded to guard themselves from unbelievers and defend themselves from their attacks and even commit attacks. Most parts of the Qur'an refer to unbelievers in general talk about their fate on the day of judgment and purpose in hell.

According to the scholar Marilyn Waldman, when the Qur'an "evolves" (as readers go from the revealed verses first), the meaning behind the term infidel does not change but "develops" time ". When the views of the Prophet Muhammad Muhammad about his opponents changed, his use of infidels "developed". Kafir moves from the one description of Muhammad's opponent to the main one. Then in the Quran, infidels become more and more connected with shirk . Finally, towards the end of the Quran, the infidels start also marking the group of people to be fought by the mu'min? N (believers).

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Type of heathen

Book Poets

The status of the People of the Book ( ahl al-kitab ), especially Judaism and Christianity, in connection with the idea of ​​Islam distrust is not clear-cut. Charles Adams writes that the Qur'an denounces the People of the Book with kufr for refusing Muhammad's message when they should be the first to accept him as the owner of the previous revelation, and choosing Christians to ignore the evidence of the Unity of God. The Qur'anic verse 5:73 ("Of course they do not believe [kafara] that says: God is the third of three"), among other verses, has traditionally been understood in Islam as a rejection of Christian Trinity doctrine, although modern scholarship has suggested alternative interpretations. Other Qur'anic verses strongly deny the deity of Jesus Christ, son of Maryam and denounce those who treat Jesus as equal to God as unbelievers who will be cursed for eternal damnation in Hell. The Quran also does not recognize the attribute of Jesus as the Son of God or God Himself, it honors Jesus as a prophet and messenger of God sent to the children of Israel. Some Muslim thinkers such as Mohamed Talbi have seen the most extreme Qur'anic presentation of the dogmas of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus (5:19, 5: 75-76, 5: 119) as non-Christian formulas rejected by the Church..

Cyril Glasse criticized the use of kafirun [pl. from infidels ] to describe Christians as "loose use". According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, in the traditional Islamic jurisprudence, ahl al-book is "usually considered more soft than other kuffar ]... "and" theoretically "a Muslim committed a punishable offense if he told a Jew or a Christian:" You do not believe ".

Historically, People Books permanently under Islamic rule are entitled to a special status known as dhimmi , while those who visit Muslim lands receive different statuses known as musta'min .

Mushrikun

Mushrikun (pl. of mushrik ) are those who practice shirk , which literally means "association" and refers to accepting gods and other gods together with the god of the Muslims - God (as "partners" of God). This term is often translated as polytheism. The Qur'an distinguishes between the Mushrikun and the People of the Book, preserving the old term for idol worshipers, although some classical commentators regard Christian doctrine as shirk . Shirk is held as the worst form of unbelief, and it is identified in the Qur'an as the only sin that God can not forgive (4:48, 4: 116).

Allegations of shirk have been common in religious polemics in Islam. Thus, in the early Islamic debate on free will and theodition, the Sunni theologians accused Mu'tazilah of their opponents with shirk , accusing them of associating with the creative power of a man who is comparable to that of the good God originating or executing own action. The Mu'tazilah theologians, in turn, demanded the Sunni by shirk on the ground that under their doctrine they voluntary human action would result from "association" between God, who created action, and the individual who took it by doing it.

In classical jurisprudence, Islamic tolerance applies only to the People of the Book, while the Mushrikun, based on the Sword Verse, faces the choice between conversion to Islam and fighting to death, which can be replaced by slavery. In practice, the appointment of the People of the Book and the status of dhimmi was extended even in non-monotheistic religions of conquered peoples, such as Hinduism. After the destruction of major Hindu temples during the Muslim conquest of South Asia, Hindus and Muslims in the continent came to share a number of popular religious practices and beliefs, such as the worship of Sufis and Sufi worship in Hindu temples.

Sinners

Whether a Muslim can commit a sin big enough to become a disbeliever is disputed by jurists in the early centuries of Islam. The most tolerant view (that of Murdji'a ) is that even those who have committed a great sin ( kabira ) still believe and their fate is handed over to God. "The strictest view (that the Kharidji Ibadis, the descendants of the Kharijites) is that every Muslim who died for unrepentance of his sins was regarded as unbelievers.Among these two positions, the Mu'tazila believed that there is a status between believers and unbelievers called "rejected" or fasiq .

Takfir

The Khawarij view that a Muslim who proclaims himself who has sinned and "failed to repent has ipso facto excluded himself from society, and therefore a Gentile" (a practice known as takfir ) is considered very extreme. by the Sunni majority that they in turn declare the Kharijites , following the hadith which states, "If a Muslim accuses a Muslim fellow with kufr, he is a > infidel if the allegation should prove to be false ".

However, in Islamic theological polemics infidels are "frequent terms for Muslim protagonists" who hold different views, according to Brill's Islamic Encyclopedia.

Apostate

The other group "distinguished from the unbelievers" is the apostate, or the exiled Muslim, who is considered a traitor and a traitor, the concept of religious freedom is not accepted. Their traditional punishment is death, in fact, according to some experts, if they withdraw their negligence against Islam.

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Type of distrust

Muslim beliefs/doctrines are often summarized in the "Six Articles of Faith", (the first five mentioned together in the Qur'an 2: 285).

1. God
2. Angels
3. His Apostle
4. The Books Revealed,
5. Resurrection Day
6. Al-Qadar , Divine Presence, that whatever has been set by Allah must be realized

According to the Salafi scholar Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali, " kufr basically does not believe in the clauses of faith, he lists some types of major mistrust, (unbelievably so inconsistent, from the fold of Islam):

1. Kufr-at-Takdhib : distrust of divine truth or rejection of one of the articles of Faith (quran 39:32)
2. Kufur-al-iba wat-takabbur ma'at-Tasdiq : refuse to submit to the Commandment after the belief of their truth (quran 2:34)
3. Kufr-ash-Shakk waz-Zann : doubtful or lacking in faith in six Faith articles. (quran 18: 35-38)
Kufr-al-I'raadh : turn away from the truth consciously or deviate from the obvious signs that God has revealed. (Quran 46: 3)
4. Kufr-an-Nifaaq : hypocritical mistrust (qur'an 63: 2-3)

Little disappointment or Kufran-Ni'mah indicates "not thankful of the Lord's Blessing or Help".

According to other sources, the paraphrase of Tafsir by Ibn Katsir, there are eight types of Al-Kufr al-Akbar (the main disbelief), some of which are described by Al-Hilali ( Kufr-al-I 'rad , Kufr-an-Nifaaq ) and some different.

1. Kufrul-'Inaad : Do not believe in being stubborn. This applies to someone who knows the Truth and claims to know Truth, and knows it with his tongue, but refuses to accept it and makes no statement. God said: Throw into Hell every stubborn person.
2. Kufrul-Inkaar : Can not believe in denial. This applies to someone who deniely denies and tongues. The Lord said: They acknowledge God's favor, but they reject it. Most of them are unbelievers.
3. Kufrul-Juhood : Do not believe in rejection. This applies to someone who acknowledges the truth in his heart, but rejects it with his tongue. This type of quencher applies to those who call themselves Muslims but reject the necessary and accepted Islamic norms such as Salaat and Zakat. God said: They reject them (our signs) even though their hearts believe in them, because of envy and arrogance.
4. Kufrul-Nifaaq : Do not believe in hypocrisy. This applies to someone who pretends to be a believer but hides unbelief. Such people are called munafiq or hypocrites. The Lord said: Verily the hypocrites will be in the lowest hell. You will not find anyone to help them.
5. Kufrul-Kurh : Do not believe in disobeying God's command. God says: Destruction (destruction) has been handed over to those who disbelieve and He will make their actions void. This is because they do not like what God has revealed so that He has made their act in vain.
6. Kufr-Istihzaha : Do not believe in ridicule and ridicule. The Lord said: Say: Is it to God, His signs and His apostles that you mock? Do not make excuses. You have no faith after you believe.
7. Kufrul-I'raadh : Do not believe in the avoidance. This applies to those who turn away and avoid the truth. The Lord said: And who is more unfair than he who was reminded of the signs of his Lord but then turned away from them. Then he forgets what he has sent (for Judgment Day).
8. Kufr-Istibdaal : Do not believe in trying to replace God's Law with man-made laws. The Lord said: Or do they partner with the Lord who has instituted for them the religion which God does not allow. The Lord said: Say not to pay attention to what your tongue puts on false (that is) kosher and this is forbidden to create a lie against God. Surely those who invent a lie against Allah will never prosper.

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Usage history

In the right sense

As the Islamic kingdom develops, the word "infidel" is used extensively for all unbelievers and those who disbelieve in Islam. Historically, the attitude toward unbelievers in Islam is more determined by socio-political conditions than by religious doctrine. Tolerance of unbelievers "impossible to imagine in contemporary Christianity" applies even to the time of the Crusades, especially with regard to the People of the Book. However, hostilities are maintained by recurrent war with infidels, and wars between the Persian Safavids and Ottoman Turks bring the application of the term pagan even to Persia in Turkish fatwas. During the era of European colonialism, the political decline of Islam hampered the organized state's action against the pressures of Western countries, and the resulting impotent feelings contributed to the rise of hatred against infidels and its manifestations periodically, such as massacres.

However, there was widespread religious violence in India between Muslims and non-Muslims during the Delhi and Mughal Empires (before the political decline of Islam). In his memoirs of the Muslim invasion, slavery and plundering of this period, many Muslim historians in South Asia use the term Kafir for Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains. Raziuddin Aquil states that "non-Muslims are often condemned as" infidels ", in medieval Indian Islamic literature, including court records, Sufi texts and literary compositions" and fatwas issued that justify the persecution of non-Muslims.

The relationship between Jews and Muslims in the Arab world and the use of the word "kafir" are just as complicated, and over the last century, "unbeliever" issues have arisen during the conflicts in Israel and Palestine. Calling the Jews from Israel, the "infidel conquer", Yasser Arafat revives Muslim resistance and "allegedly sets a precedent to prevent Muslims from mobilizing against 'pagan aggressors' on other Muslim lands, and enabling 'cowardly, pagan aliens' to achieve a new level of intervention in Muslim affairs. "

Muhammad's parents

A hadith in which Muhammad states that his father was in hell has been a source of disagreement about the status of Muhammad's parents. For centuries, Sunni scholars have rejected this tradition despite its appearance in the authoritative collection of Sahih Muslim. It passed through a chain of transmission for three generations, so its authenticity was not considered sufficient to replace the theological consensus that deceased people before the prophetic message reached them - as did Muhammad's father - could not be responsible for not embracing him. Shia Muslim scholars also consider Muhammad's parents to be in heaven. Instead, the Salafi IslamQA.info site holds that Islamic tradition teaches that Muhammad's parents are kuff? R (the infidels) in Hell.

Other uses

In the 15th century, the word Kaffir was used by Muslims in Africa to refer to non-Muslim African natives. Many of them were enslaved and sold by their Muslims captured by European and Asian merchants, mainly from Portugal, who had established trading posts along the coast of West Africa at that time. This European merchant adopted the Arabic word and its derivatives.

Some of the earliest notes of the use of the European word can be found on Main Navigation, Sailing, Traffiques and Discovery of the English by Hakluyt, Richard, 1552-1616. In volume 4, Hakluyt writes: "calling them Cafars and Gawars , who, infidels or infidels Volume 9 refers to slaves (slaves called Cafari ) and Ethiopian residents (and they use to go in small shippes, and trade with Cafars ) by two different but similar names.This word is also used in reference to the coast of Africa as Cafraria land The 16th-century explorer Leo Africanus describes Cafri as a "negroes", and one of the five main population groups in Africa, identifying their geographical heart as a location in remote southern Africa, which he referred to as Cafraria .

At the end of the 19th century the word was used in English newspapers and books. One of the Union-Castle Line ships operating off the coast of South Africa was named SS Kafir . At the beginning of the 20th century, in his book The Dark Essential , Dudley Kidd wrote that the word "infidel" has been used for all the dark-skinned South African tribes. Thus, in many parts of South Africa, "infidels" become synonymous with the word, "native". Currently in South Africa, however, the word kaffir is regarded as a racial slur, applied in humiliation or assault on blacks.

The song "Gentiles" by American Nile's technical death metal band from their sixth album The Whom the Gods Detest was used as a subject of extremist violence that Muslims have against Gentiles.

Nuristani people formally known as Kafir Kafiristan before the Islamization of Afghanistan in the region. In addition, their real name is Kapir, due to the lack of "P" in Arabic, they are coincidentally called Kafir, which are incorrect but once again true because they are politeis, let alone Henotheis.

The Kalash people located in the Kush mountains of south western Kush Chitral are known as infidels by the Muslim population of Chitral.

In modern Spanish, the word cafre , derived from Arabic infidel through Portuguese, also means "rough" or "savage".

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Also see

• Kafirun (Sura)
• Ahl al-Fatrah
• Apostasy in Islam
• Dhimmi
• World divisions in Islam
• GÃÆ' Â ¢ vur
• Mumin
• Shirk
• Islamic views of the Trinity

Non-Muslim only:

• Coast (disambiguation)
• Gentiles
• Kofer
• Kaffir (racial term)
• Religious Blasphemy

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Note

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References

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External links

• Takfir - Anathematizing
• Universal Religion Validity and Takfir Issues
• Inminds.co.uk
• Hermeneutics from takfir

Source of the article : Wikipedia