hammer is a device or device that sends a blow (a sudden impact) to an object. Most hammers are hand tools used to move spikes, install parts, forge metal, and destroy objects. Hammer varies in shape, size, and structure depending on their purpose.
Hammer is the basic tool in many trades. The usual features are the head (most often made of steel) and the handle (also called a helve or haft). Although most hammers are hand tools, powerful versions exist; they are known as powered hammers. Types of power hammers include steam hammers and travel hammers, often for heavier use, such as forging.
Some special hammers have other names, such as sledgehammer , hammers , and hammers . The term "hammer" also applies to devices that give punches, such as a firearm hammer, or a piano hammer, or an ice scraper hammer.
Video Hammer
Histori
The use of a simple hammer dates about 3.3 million years ago according to the 2012 discovery made by Sonia Harmand and Jason Lewis of Stony Brook University, who while digging a site near Kenya's Lake Turkana discovered a very large deposit of various shaped stones including those used to hit wood, bones, or other stones to separate them and shape them. The stones are attached with pieces of skin or animal muscle used as a hammer with a handle of about 30,000 BC during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age.
The archaeological record of the hammer indicates that it may be the oldest tool in which there is definite evidence of its early existence.
Maps Hammer
Construction and materials
The hand-held traditional hammer consists of a separate head and handle, which can be tightened together with a special tool made for purpose, or by glue, or both. This two-piece design is often used to combine a solid metal beat head with a non-metallic shock-absorbing mechanical handle (to reduce user fatigue from recurrent attacks). If wood is used for handrail, often hickory or ash, a tough and durable material that can repel shock waves from the hammer head. Rigid fiberglass resins can be used for handles; this material does not absorb water or decays but does not eliminate surprises like wood.
A loose hammer head is dangerous because it can literally "fly out of the handle" when in use, being a missile that is not controlled dangerously. Wooden handles can often be replaced when worn or damaged; Special kits are available that cover a variety of sizes and grip designs, plus special wedges for attachments.
Some hammers are a one piece design that is mostly made of a single material. A one-piece metal hammer can optionally have a coated handle or wrapped in rubber-resilient material, for better grip and to reduce user fatigue.
The head of the hammer can appear with a variety of materials including brass, bronze, wood, plastic, rubber, or leather. Some hammers have a replaceable surface that can be selected as needed or replaced when worn out.
Design and variation
A tool such as a big hammer is maul (sometimes called a "beetle"), a wooden hammer or rubber headed hammer , and a tool like a hammer with cutter usually called < ax . An important part of the hammer is the head, compact solid mass that is capable of delivering punches to the intended target without damaging itself. The surface of this tool is usually flat or slightly rounded; the opposite end of the affected mass may have the shape of the ball, as in the ball-peen hammer. Some of the seat hammers had a magnetic face, to nail the umbrella. At the ax, the flat hammer head may be secondary to the spearhead of the tool.
The impact between a steel hammer and a hit object can create a spark, which can trigger flammable or explosive gases. This is a danger in some industries such as underground coal mining (due to the presence of methane gas), or in other hazardous environments such as petroleum refineries and chemical plants. In this environment, various non-sparking metal tools are used, mainly made of aluminum or beryllium copper. In recent years, the handle has been made of durable plastic or rubber, although wood is still widely used due to the quality of suction and shock resistance.
Electric-powered hammer
- Ball-peen hammer, or mechanical hammer
- Boiler-scale sweeper
- Brass hammer, also known as a hammer without fire or spray hammer and is used mainly in flammable areas such as oil fields
- Hammer hammer (used for nailing), such as framing hammer and claw hammer, and pinhammers (ball-peen and cross-peen type)
- Cow hammers - sometimes used for slaughter of livestock, practices that are no longer used because of animal welfare objections
- The cross-peen hammer, has one round face and one wedge face.
- Death blows produce very little impact, often because the hollow head is filled with sand, the launcher or tin pellet
- Drilling hammers - hammers are handled quickly initially used for drilling in stone with chisels. This name usually refers to a 2-to-4-pound (0.91-1.81 kg) hammer head and a 10-inch (250 mm) handle, also called a "single jack" hammer because it is used by one drilling person, holding a chisel in one hand and a hammer in the other. In modern usage, the term is mostly interchangeable with "hammer engineers", although it can show a version with a slightly shorter handle.
- The engineer's hammer, the hammer handled quickly, was at first an essential component of the railway engineer's equipment to work in a steam locomotive. The typical weight is 2-4 lbs (0.9-1.8 kg) with a 12-14 inch (30-35 cm) grip. Initially this is often a cross-peen hammer, with one round face and one wedge-peen face, but in modern usage the main term refers to a hammer with two round faces.
- Gavel, used by judges and leadership authorities to attract attention
- Hammer or geological rock pick
- Hammer hammer, or Warrington hammer
- Hammer with a blade hammer, its property was developed to help the hammerer in slicing action while blowing up
- The hammer pad (also known as lam hammer, lathing hammer, or lathing hatchet), a tool used for cutting and nailing battens, which has a small ax knife on one side (with a small lateral nick to pull a nail) and a hammer head on the other side
- Lump hammer, or club hammer
- Hammers, including versions made with rubber sheets or rolls of raw leather
- Installation of the hammer train line
- Rock climbing hammers
- Blacksmith hammer hammer or farrier hammer. The round face is generally to move or draw metal and flat to "planishing" or smooth the surface mark.
- Sledgehammer
- Soft-faced hammer
- Separate maul
- Stonemason hammers
- Tinner hammer
- Hammer holder
- Chipping hammer welder
Mechanical-powered hammer
Mechanical-powered hammers often look very different from hand tools, however, most of them work on the same principle. They include:
- Hammer drill, which combines mechanisms like jackhammer with a drill
- High Frequency Impact Treatment hammer - for aftertreatment welding transition
- Jackhammer
- Hammers
- Trip hammer
In the manufacture of professional wood framing, manual hammer is almost completely replaced by nail spikes. In professional coatings, the main competitor is the staple gun.
Tools used with hammer
- Anvil
- Chisel
- Drifting pipe (Blacksmithing - spreading perforated holes to the right size and/or shape)
- Drill star
- Punch
- Woodsplitting maul - can be hit with a hammer to separate wood.
- Clumps with hammers to separate wood.
Hammering physics
Hammer as style amplifier
Hammer is a simple style amplifier that works by converting mechanical work into kinetic and back energy.
In a swing that precedes each blow, the hammer head stores a certain amount of kinetic energy - equal to the length of D of the swing of the force f produced by the muscles of the arm and by gravity. When the hammer strikes, the head is stopped by opposite forces coming from the target, the same and opposite to the force applied by the head to the target. If the target is a hard and heavy object, or if it lies on a kind of runway, the head can travel only a very short distance d before it stops. Since the stop force F times the distance should be equal to the kinetic energy of the head, then it means F much larger than the original driving force f - suppose, by the factor D / d . In this way, great strength is not required to produce a force strong enough to bend steel, or break granite.
Influence of head mass
Jumlah energi yang dikirim ke target oleh pukulan hammer setara dengan setengah massa head kali kuadrat dari kecepatan head pada saat terjadi benturan ( ). Sementara energi yang dikirimkan ke target meningkat secara linier dengan massa, itu meningkat secara kuadratis dengan kecepatan (lihat efek pegangan, di bawah). Kepala titanium berteknologi tinggi lebih ringan dan memungkinkan pegangan yang lebih panjang, sehingga meningkatkan kecepatan dan memberikan energi yang sama dengan lebih sedikit kelelahan lengan dibandingkan dengan palu kepala baja yang lebih berat. Sebuah kepala titanium memiliki sekitar 3% energi recoil dan dapat menghasilkan efisiensi yang lebih besar dan lebih sedikit kelelahan jika dibandingkan dengan kepala baja dengan hingga 30% mundur. Palu pukulan mati menggunakan karet atau baja khusus untuk menyerap energi recoil, daripada memantulkan kepala palu setelah benturan.
Efek pegangan
The hammer handle helps in several ways. It keeps the user's hand away from the crash point. It provides a large area that is more suitable for hand grips. Most importantly, it allows the user to maximize head speed on every blow. The main constraint on the extra long grip is the lack of space to swing the hammer. This is why large hammers, mostly used in open spaces, can have a longer handle than a standard woodwork hammer. The second most important constraint is more subtle. Even without considering the effects of fatigue, the longer the handle, the harder it is to direct the hammer head to its target at full speed.
Most designs are a compromise between practicality and energy efficiency. With a handle that is too long, the hammer is inefficient because it produces the force to the wrong place, not right on target. With a handle that is too short, the hammer is inefficient because it does not provide enough power, requires more punches to complete the given task. Modifications have also been made with respect to the hammer effect on the user. Handles made of shock absorbers or various angles strive to make it easier for users to continue using these old devices, even when spikes and other powered drivers violate their traditional usage areas.
Because a hammer should be used in many situations, where the position of the person using them can not be taken for granted, trade-offs are made for convenience. In areas where a person has plenty of room, a long handle with a heavy head (such as a sledgehammer) can provide the maximum amount of energy to the target. It is not practical to use large hammers for all tasks, however, and thus the overall design has been modified repeatedly to achieve optimal utility in a wide variety of situations.
The influence of gravity
Gravity gives a force to the hammer head. If hammering down, gravity increases acceleration during a hammer stroke and increases the energy delivered with each blow. If hammering up, gravity reduces acceleration during a hammer stroke and therefore reduces the energy delivered with each blow. Some hammering methods, such as traditional mechanical stack drivers, rely entirely on gravity for acceleration on downward motion.
Ergonomics and injury risks
A hammer can cause significant injury if it attacks the body. Both manual and powerful hammers can cause peripheral neuropathy or other diseases when used improperly. An awkward stretch can cause repetitive stress injury (RSI) to the joints of the hands and arms, and the uncontrolled shock waves of repeated impact can injure nerves and bones. In addition, a striking metal object with a hammer can produce small metal projectiles that can be caught in the eye. Therefore it is advisable to wear safety glasses.
War hammer
The war hammer is a late medieval war weapon aimed at close combat.
Symbolic hammer
The hammer, being one of the tools most commonly used by Homo sapiens , has been used very much in symbols like flags and symbols. In the Middle Ages, it was often used in the blacksmith's logo, as well as in many family symbols. Hammers and picks are used as mining symbols.
Famous symbols with the hammer in it are Hammer and Sickle, which are symbols of the Soviet Union and are closely linked to communism and early socialism. The hammer in this symbol represents the industrial worker class (and the sickle represents the working class of the farmer). The hammer is used in some symbols in socialist countries (such as) as East Germany. Similarly, Hammer and the Sword symbolize Strasserism, a National Socialism thread that seeks to attract the working class.
A hammer, a small wooden hammer, is used to symbolize a mandate to chair a meeting or court process, and a graphic of one is used as a symbol of legislative or judicial decision-making authority.
In Norse mythology, Thor, the god of thunder and lightning, uses a hammer named MjÃÆ'¶lnir. Many decorative hammer artifacts have been found, leading modern practitioners of this religion to often use reproduction as a sign of their faith.
Judah Maccabee was nicknamed "The Hammer", perhaps in recognition of his violence in combat. The name "Maccabee" may be derived from Aramaic maqqaba . (see Judah Maccabee Ã,§ The Origin of the Name "Hammer".)
In American folklore, John Henry's hammer represents the strength and endurance of a man.
Palu dalam lagu "If I Had a Hammer" merepresentasikan pesan keadilan tanpa henti yang disiarkan di seluruh negeri. Lagu itu menjadi simbol dari gerakan hak-hak sipil.
Galeri gambar
Lihat juga
- Hammer Museum (Haines, Alaska)
- MjÃÆ'¶lnir
Referensi
Tautan eksternal
- Gambar dan deskripsi jenis palu.
- "Memilih Palu". Popular Science , Juni 1960, pp. 164-167.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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