The anatomy of domestic cats is similar to the other members of the genus Felis .
Video Cat anatomy
Mouth
Cats have very special teeth to kill prey and tear the meat. The premolar and the first molar, together with the carnassial couple are located on each side of the mouth. These teeth work efficiently to cut meat like scissors. While these are present in canids, it is highly developed in felines.
The tongue of the cat has a sharp thorn, or papillae , useful for holding and tearing flesh from carcasses. This papillae is a small back facing keratin that also helps in their care.
The cat's oral structure provides a variety of vocalizations used for communication, including meowing, snoring, hissing, growling, squeaking, twittering, clicking, and snorting.
Maps Cat anatomy
Ears
Thirty-two individual muscles in each ear allow for directional hearing; a cat can move each ear independently of the other ear. Because of this mobility, the cat can move its body in one direction and direct its ears in the other direction. Most cats have straight ears pointing upwards. Unlike dogs, a very rare eared breed ( Scottish Folds is one of the most remarkable mutations). When angry or scared, the cat will put his ears to accompany the growling or hissing sound he made. Cats also rotate their ears as they play or listen to the sounds coming from behind them. The skin folds that form the pockets at the bottom of the posterior ear, known as Henry's pockets, usually stand out in the ears of a cat. This is an unknown function, although it may be helpful in filtering out the sound.
Nose
Cats are highly territorial and secrete odors play a major role in cat communication. The nose helps the cat to identify areas, cats and other couples, to find food, and for various other causes. The sense of smell of a cat is believed to be about fourteen times stronger than humans. The rhinarium (the little nose we see) is difficult enough to allow it to absorb somewhat rough treatments occasionally. The color varies according to the genotype (genetic makeup) of the cat. The skin of a cat has the same color as feathers but the color of the nasal skin may be determined by a particular gene. Cats with white fur have skin prone to damage by ultraviolet rays that can cause cancer. Extra care is required when outside in the hot sun.
Legs
Cats, like dogs, are digitigrades. They walk directly on their toes, with their leg bones forming the bottom of the visible legs. All cats are able to walk very precisely. Like all other cats, they immediately register; that is, they place each rear leg almost directly in the corresponding forepaw print, minimizing noise and visible traces. It also provides a sure footing for their back paws as they navigate rough terrain. Both hind legs allow falling and long jumps unscathed.
Unlike most mammals, when cats run, they use a "pacing" style; that is, they move two legs on one side of the body before the feet on the other side. This property is divided by camels and giraffes. When walking at the speed of running, the cat's gait will turn into a "diagonal" style, similar to most other mammals: rear legs and diagonal front legs will move simultaneously. The height of the cat may vary depending on the type and/or sex, but usually about 12 inches or 30.5 cm.
Claws
Like almost all members of the Felidae family, cats have retractable claws. In a normal and relaxed position, claws are covered with skin and feathers around the pads of the toes. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear and tear from contact with the ground and allowing the silence of prey. The claws on the front are usually sharper than the claws on the hind legs. Cats can voluntarily expand their claws on one or more claws. They can expand their claws in hunting or defending, climbing, "massaging", or for additional traction on soft surfaces (bed sheets, thick carpets, leather, etc.). It is also possible to make cooperative cats extend their claws by pressing the top and bottom of the claws carefully. Curved claws can get trapped in carpets or thick fabrics, which can cause injury if a cat can not free itself.
Most cats have a total of 18 digits and claws. 5 on each front foot, the fifth digit becomes dewclaw; and 4 on each hind leg. The dewclaw is located high on the front foot, not in contact with the ground and non-heavy bearings.
Some cats can have more than 18 digits, due to a common mutation called polydactyly or polydactylism, which can produce five to seven toes per foot.
Temperature and heart rate
The normal body temperature of cats is between 38.33 and 39.0 ° C (101.0 and 102.2 ° F). A cat is considered febril (hyperthermic) if it has a temperature of 39.5 Â ° C (103.1 Â ° F) or higher, or hypothermia if less than 37.5 Ã, Â ° C (99.5Ã, Â ° F). By comparison, humans have an average body temperature of about 37.0 ° C (98.6 ° F). The normal heart rate of domestic cats ranges from 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm), and largely depends on how nice the cat is. For cats at rest, the average heart rate is usually between 150 and 180 bpm, more than double that of humans, which averages 70 bpm.
Skin
Cats have rather loose skin; this allows them to turn around and face other predators or cats in a fight, even when it has a handle on them. This is also an advantage for animal purposes, because it simplifies injections. In fact, the life of cats with renal failure can sometimes be prolonged for years by regular injection of large volumes of subcutaneous fluid, which serves as an alternative to dialysis.
- Scruff
The very loose skin on the back of the neck is known as scruff , and is the area where the mother cat holds its children to carry it. As a result, cats tend to be quiet and passive when held there. This behavior also extends to adulthood, when a man will catch a woman with a puncture to paralyze him as he ascends, and to prevent him from escaping during the mating process.
This technique can be useful when trying to treat or move an uncooperative cat. However, since adult cats are heavier than kittens, pet cats should not be carried by a puncture, but should have a weight supported on the buttocks and hind legs, and on the chest and forelegs.
- Primordial pouch
Some cats have the same properties because of the offspring. One is a primordial pouch, sometimes referred to as "spay sway" by the owner who notices it once the cat has been spayed or neutered. It lies in the belly of a cat. Its appearance is similar to a loose skin fold that might occur if the cat is overweight and then loses weight. It provides extra protection against kicks, which is common when cats fight because cats will try to sweep with their back paws. In stray cats, the ancestors of pet cats, these pockets seem present to provide additional space if animals have a chance to eat big meals and the stomach needs to expand. This belly bag also allows the cat to bend and expand, allowing it to run faster and jump higher.
Skeleton
Cats have seven cervical vertebrae like almost all mammals, thirteen thoracic vertebrae (humans have twelve), seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five), three sacral vertebrae (humans have five for their bipedal postures), and, except for Manx cats and other short-tailed cats, twenty-two or twenty-three caudal vertebrae (humans have three to five, fused into internal tail bones). Extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae to improve the mobility and flexibility of the cat's spine, compared to humans. The caudal vertebra forms a tail , which is used by cats as a balancing body during rapid movement. Between their spine, they have elastic discs, useful for landing jump pads.
Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulders by free floating clavicle bones, allowing them to pass through their body through the space where they can place their heads.
Skull
Unusual cat skeletons among the inner mammals have very large eye sockets and powerful and specialized jaws. Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrow canine teeth, tailored to the prey of the small mouse of their choice.
Muscle
Internal abdominal pain
This muscle is derived from the lumbodorsal fascia and ribs. Its insertion is in pubis and linea alba (via aponeurosis), and its action is compression of the entrails. It also lateral flexs and rotates vertebral columns.
Transversus abdominis
This muscle is the deepest abdominal muscle. The origin is the second sheet of the lumbodorsal fascia and pelvic girdle and the insertion is linea alba. The action is abdominal compression.
Rectus abdominis
To see this muscle, first remove the vast aponeurosis located on the ventral surface of the cat. The fibers are very elongated, on each side of the linea alba. This is also traversed by the inscription of the tendina, or what other people call myosepta .
Deltoid
deltoid muscle is located right next to the trapezius muscle, derived from several fibers that extend the clavicle and shoulder blades, blend to insert in the humerus. Anatomically, there are only two deltoids in cats, acromiodeltoid and spinodeltoid . However, to meet the standards of human anatomy, clavobrachialis is now also regarded as deltoid and is often referred to as clavodeltoid .
Acromiodeltoid
Acromiodeltoid is the shortest of the deltoid muscles. It lies laterally (to the side) of clavodeltoid, and in the more hoarse cat it can only be seen by lifting or reflecting clavodeltoid. It comes from the process of acromion and insertion on the deltoid ridge. When contracted, it raises and rotates the humerus outward.
Spinodeltoid
High and short muscles located posteriorly on the acromiodeltoid. It lies along the lower border of the scapula, and passes the upper arm, across the upper end of the upper arm muscle. It comes from the spine of the scapula and the insertion on the deltoid ridge. The action is to raise and turn the humerus out.
Head
Masseter
The Masseter is a large, strong, and very thick muscle covered by a loud and shiny fascia located at the bottom of the zygomatic arch, which is its origin. It inserts into the posterior half of the lateral surface of the mandible. The action is the mandibular elevation (jaw closure).
Temporalis
The temporalis is a large mandibular muscle mass, and is also covered by a loud and shiny fascia. It lies dorsally to the zygomatic arch and fills the temporal fossa of the skull. It appears from the side of the skull and inserts it into the coronoid process of the jaw. That, too, lifts the jaw.
Integumental
The two main fibrous muscles of the cat are platysma and skin maximus . The skin maximus covers the back area of ​​the cat and allows it to shake its skin. The platysma covers the neck and allows the cat to stretch the skin over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles.
Neck and back
Rhomboideus
Rhomboideus is a thick and large muscle beneath the trapezius muscle. It extends from the vertebral border of the scapula to the mid-dorsal line. Its origins originate from the spinal nerves of the first four thoracic vertebrae, and their insertion is on the vertebral border of the scapula. The action is to draw a scapula to the back.
Rhomboideus capitis
Rhomboideus capitis is the most skull of the deeper muscles. Under clavotrapezius. The origin is the superior nuchal line, and the insertion is in the scapula. The act of drawing a cranial scapula.
Splenius
Splenius is the most superficial of all deep muscles. This is a thin and wide piece of muscle beneath the clavotrapezius and deflect it. It is also crossed by rhomboideus capitis. The origin is the mid-dorsal line of the neck and the fascia. Its insertion is the nuchal and superior atlas lines. It raises or twists the head.
Serratus ventralis
Serratus ventralis is exposed by cutting dorsi latissimus like wings. The muscle is completely covered by adipose tissue. Origin comes from the first nine or ten ribs and from the cervical vertebrae.
Serratus Dorsalis
Serratus dorsalis is medial to the scapula and serratus ventralis. Its origin is through apoeurosis following the length of the mid-dorsal line, and its insertion is the dorsal portion of the last rib. The action is to suppress and shorten the ribs when breathing.
Intercostals
Intercostalis is a set of muscles flanked between the ribs. They interconnect ribs, and therefore the major respiratory skeletal muscles. They are divided into external and internal subscapularis . Origin and insertion are on the ribs. The interostals pull the ribs back or forwards.
Caudofemoralis
Caudofemoralis is a muscle found in the pelvic extremity. Caudofemoralis acts to flex the tail laterally to each side when the pelvic limb holds the load. When the pelvic extremity is lifted from the ground, caudofemoralis contraction causes the limb to kidnap and the calf to extend by extending the hip joint.
Pectoral
Pectoantebrachialis
The pektoantebrachial muscle is only one and a half inches wide and is the most shallow in the pectoral muscle. Its origin is the sternal manubrium, and its insertion is in the flat tendon at the ultimate proximal fascia of the ulna. The action is to draw the arm toward the chest. No human equivalent.
Pectoralis major
The Pectoralis major, also called the pectoralis superficialis, is part of the broad triangle of pectoralis muscle located just below the pektoantebrachialis. Smaller than the pectoralis minor muscle. The origin is the medral ventral sternum and raphe, and the insertion is in the humerus. The action is to draw the arm toward the chest.
Pectoralis minor
Small pectoralis muscles are larger than the major pectoralis. However, most of the anterior border is covered by pectoral majors. The origins are three-five ribs, and their insertion is a coracoid scapula process. The action is tipping from the shoulder bones and the height of the three-five ribs.
Xiphihumeralis
The most posterior, flat, thin, and long pectoral piece of muscle is xiphihumeralis. This is a parallel fiber band found in felines but not in humans. The origin is the xiphoid process of the breastbone. The insertion is a humerus.
Trapezius
Inside the cat there are three flat muscles that cover their backs, and at lower levels, the neck. They pulled the shoulder blades toward the mid-back, anterior, and posterior midline.
Clavotrapezius
The most anterior trapezius muscle, also the largest. The strand goes tilted to the ventral surface. The origin is the superior nuchal line and the dorsal median line and the insert is the clavicle. The action is to draw the spine and head toward the clavicle.
Acromiotrapezius
Acromiotrapezius is the central trapezius muscle. It includes dorsal and lateral surfaces of the scapula. Its origin is the cervical vertebra of the cervical nerve and its insertion in the process of metacromion and clavotrapezius fascia. The action is to draw the scapula to the back, and hold the two joint bones together.
Spinotrapezius
Spinotrapezius, also called thoracic trapezius , is the most posterior of the three. It is triangular. Posterior with acromiotrapezius and overlapping latissimus dorsi on the front. Its origin is a thoracic vertebra thoracic spine and its insertion is a scapular fascia. The action is to draw a scapula to the back and caudal areas.
Digestive System
The cat's digestive system begins with sharp teeth and rough tongue papillae, which helps them tear the meat, which is mostly, if not all, of their diets. Cats naturally do not have a diet high in carbohydrates, and therefore, their saliva does not contain the amylase enzyme. Food moves from the mouth through the esophagus and into the stomach. The domestic cat's gastrointestinal tract contains small cord and uncontrolled colon. A temporary serum is similar to a dog, lacking a circular cum.
The cat's belly can be divided into different areas of motor activity. The proximal end of the stomach will relax when the food is digested. While the food is being digested this part of the stomach either has a fast stationary contraction or continuous contraction tonic muscle. These different actions produce food that is moved or food moving toward the distal portion of the abdomen. The distal portion of the stomach undergoes a rhythmic cycle of partial depolarization. This depolarization sensitizes muscle cells so they are more likely to contract. The abdomen is not only a muscular structure, but also serves as a chemical by releasing hydrochloric acid and other digestive enzymes to break down food.
Food moves from the stomach to the small intestine. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum. As the food moves through the duodenum, it mixes with bile, a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and emulates fat. The pancreas releases enzymes that aid digestion so that nutrients can be broken down and pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and move throughout the body. The pancreas does not produce starch-processing enzymes because cats do not eat foods high in carbohydrates. Because cats digest glucose in low amounts, the pancreas uses an amino acid to trigger insulin release.
Food then move to jejunum. This is the deepest part of nutrient uptake of the small intestine. The liver regulates the level of nutrients absorbed into the blood system of the small intestine. From the jejunum, any food that has not been absorbed is sent to the ileum connected to the colon. The first part of the colon is the cecum and the second part is the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and forms impurities.
There are some things that cats can not be digested. For example, cats clean themselves by licking their fur with their tongues, which causes them to swallow many feathers. This causes the buildup of feathers in the belly of the cat and creates a mass of feathers. It is often cast and is better known as a hair ball.
The short length of the cat's digestive tract causes the cat's digestive system to weigh less than other animal species, allowing the cat to become an active predator. While cats adapt well to predators, they have limited ability to regulate the catabolic enzymes of amino acids which means that amino acids are constantly being destroyed and not absorbed. Therefore, cats require a higher protein proportion in their diet than many other species. Cats are not adapted to synthesize niacin from tryptophan and, because they are carnivorous, can not convert carotene into vitamin A, so eating plants while harmless does not provide them nutrients.
Genitalia
Female genitals
In female cats, the genitalia includes two gonads, uterus, vagina, genital tract and nipple. Together with the vulva, the cat's vagina engages in marriage and provides a channel for newborns during birth, or birth. The vagina is long and wide. The genital tract is a cat's oviduct. They are short, narrow, and not too tortuous.
Male genitals
In male cats, genitals include the penis, which is covered with small spines.
See also
- Natural haircuts
References
External links
- Cat; introduction to the study of animals with backbones, especially mammals (1881)
- Laboratory guide for cat dissection: Introduction to anatomy study (1895)
- Cat anatomy (1902)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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