Poppers is a widely-passed slang term for a chemical class called alkyl nitrite, which is inhaled for drug purposes, usually for "high" or "rush" that drugs can produce. Poppers is also historically used for sexual encounters among youth, including in the gay community. Poppers was part of the club culture from the disco scene of the mid-1970s to the 1980s, and the rave scene of the 1990s made its reuse popular. As explained by Dr. Lucy Robinson, professor of history at Sussex University,
"If you trace an amyl bottle [[an alkyl nitrite] type through the late twentieth century history, you trace the gay cultural heritage to popular culture in the 20th century We will not have the rave, disco or club culture as we know today without the community gay. "
The use of poppers is said to have a relaxing effect on involuntary smooth muscle (like those in the throat and anus). The most widely sold products include native amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite), but also variants such as, isobutyl nitrite, isopropyl nitrite (2-propyl nitrite, increasingly, after the EU ban of the isobutyl form). In some countries, to avoid anti-drug laws, poppers are labeled and/or packaged as air freshener, skin polish or tape head cleaner.
Video Poppers
Histori
French chemist Antoine JÃÆ' Â © rÃÆ'Â'me Balard synthesized amyl nitrite in 1844. Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton, a Scottish physician born in the first synthesis of amyl nitrite, famously pioneered its use to treat angina pectoris. Brunton was inspired by his previous work with the same agency, conducted by Arthur Gamgee and Benjamin Ward Richardson. Brunton reasoned that the pain and discomfort of angina sufferers can be reduced by administration of amyl nitrite - to dilate the patient's coronary arteries, thereby increasing blood flow to the heart muscle.
Although amyl nitrite is known to have been used recreatively in the early 1960s, poppers "craze" began around 1975. It was sold in fragile glass ampoule that was crushed or "swept" in fingers and then inhaled: therefore everyday language day "poppers". The term is extended to drugs of any kind as well as to the commercial variant of the drug, butyl nitrite, which is packed under various trade names in a small bottle.
In the late 1970s Time and Wall Street Journal reported that the use of poppers among homosexual men began as a way to increase sexual pleasure, but "quickly spread to heterosexual avant-garde". A series of interviews conducted in the late 1970s revealed a broad spectrum of users.
Maps Poppers
Pharmacology and physiology
Inhaling nitrite relaxes the smooth muscles throughout the body, including the anal sphincter and vaginal muscles. Smooth muscles surround the body's blood vessels and when relaxed causes these vessels to dilate resulting in a rapid increase in heart rate and blood flow throughout the body, resulting in a sensation of heat and excitement that usually lasts for several minutes. As these vessels expand, further results are an immediate reduction in blood pressure.
Chemistry
Composition
Poppers contain a class of chemicals called alkyl nitrites.
As far as the poppers product contains alkyl nitrites, the following applies.
alkyl nitrite properties
The following table summarizes the chemical and physical properties of alkyl nitrite, including the chemical structure:
Use
Administration
Poppers sucked.
Popularity
During the 1970s, the use by minors has been described as minimal, due to a ban on sales to minors by large producers (for reasons of public relations), and because some jurisdictions govern sales to minors by law. A 1987 study commissioned by the United States Senate and conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services found that less than 3% of the total population ever used poppers.
Interactions
Alkyl nitrite interacts with other vasodilators, such as sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis), causing a serious drop in blood pressure, which can lead to fainting, strokes, and low blood pressure that lead to potential heart attacks..
Side effects
Common side effects of using poppers include headaches.
Toxicity
The Merck Diagnosis and Treaty reports the insignificant hazards associated with alkyl nitrite inhalation, and the UK government's guidance on the relative dangers of alkyl nitrite puts them among the less harmful of drugs.
Swallowing poppers (not inhaling steam) can cause cyanosis, unconsciousness, coma, and complications that lead to death. Methemoglobinemia may occur if the poppers have been swallowed. Coincidental aspiration of amyl or butyl nitrite can cause lipoid pneumonia.
Isopropyl nitrite poppers can be the cause of maculopathy (eye damage), as reported in France and the UK. Several studies have concluded that there may be an increased risk for at least temporary retinal damage to the habitual use of poppers on particular users; in a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, an ophthalmologist describes four cases in which poppers recreation users experience a temporary change in vision. Foveal damage (center-of-gaze) has also been described, in six users of poppers habits. By 2014, optometrists and ophthalmologists report having noticed an increase in vision loss in chronic popper users in the UK, related to the substitution of isopropyl nitrite.
Controversial links with HIV/AIDS
At the start of the AIDS crisis, widespread use of poppers among AIDS patients led to the erroneous hypothesis that poppers contribute to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, a rare form of cancer, which occurs in AIDS patients. A simple short-term reduction in immune function is observed in animal studies, but direct support for the role of nitrite in the development of AIDS-related illnesses has not yet found broad agreement. A study examining men who have sex with men, and who also take drugs, suggests poppers, when used in drug-taking patterns may be associated with increased sexual risk taking.
Legal status
Australia
It is illegal to sell poppers as inhalansia in Australia, although some of them, including amyl nitrite, are often sold in sex shops with misleading labels as DVDs or skin cleansers.
European Union
Since 2007, re-formulated poppers contain isopropyl nitrite sold in Europe; isobutyl nitrite is prohibited.
French
In France, sales of products containing butyl nitrite have been banned since 1990 on the basis of harm to consumers. In 2007, the government expanded this ban on all alkyl nitrite that is not allowed to be sold as medicine. After litigation by sex shop owners, this extension was canceled by the State Council on the grounds that the government has failed to justify such blanket ban: according to the court, the mentioned risks, regarding rare accidents that often occur after unnatural use, are rather justified mandatory warnings on packaging.
German, Austria, Switzerland
Ownership in German-speaking countries is not subject to any regulations concerning drugs and is therefore legitimate; however, the unauthorized purchase, sale or trade of amit nitrites violates drug laws in the countries concerned. Sometimes, poppers are confiscated from sex shops, when sold there illegally.
United Kingdom
In the UK, poppers are sold in nightclubs, bars, sex shops, drugstore stores, the internet, and in the market. It is illegal under the 1968 Drug Act to sell them advertised for human consumption. The Advisory Council on Drug Abuse noted in 2011 that poppers, rather than being psychoactive or 'legal high', "appears to fall within the scope of The Intoxicating Substances (Supply) Act 1985". The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, which is scheduled to take effect on April 1, 2016, was originally claimed to impose a thorough prohibition on the production, import and distribution of all poppers. On January 20, 2016, a movement to free poppers (alkyl nitrite) from this legislation was defeated. This was opposed by Conservative MP Ben Howlett. Mr Howlett fellow Conservative MP Crispin Blunt stated that he has been using and is currently using poppers. Manufacturers expressed concern over the loss of business and potential unemployment. In March 2016, the Advisory Committee on Drug Abuse stated that, since alkyl nitrite does not directly stimulate or suppress the central nervous system, the popper does not fall within the scope of the Psychoactive Act 2016.
United States
In the US, amyl nitrite was originally marketed as a prescription drug in 1937 and remained so until 1960, when the Food and Drug Administration removed the prescription requirements due to its good safety record. This requirement was restored in 1969, after observations of increased use of recreation.
Other alkyl nitrite is prohibited in the US by Congress through the Anti-Drug Act of 1988. This law includes exceptions to commercial purposes, which are defined as use other than for the production of volatile consumer products. alkyl nitrite is intended to inhale or insert volatile alkyl nitils into the human body for euphoric or physical effects. The law came into force in 1990.
Substances containing alkyl nitrite besides amyl nitrite are available at many retailers - usually sex shops and stores selling recreational drug supplies - and can be purchased legally.
See also
- Alcohol and sex
- Sex and drugs
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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