Since the 18th century, the United Kingdom has become one of the largest tea consumers in the world, with an average tea supply per year per capita of 1.9 kg (4.18 pound). The British Empire played a role in spreading tea from China to India; British interests control the production of tea on the continent. Tea, which is a top class beverage on the European continent, became an injection of every social class in England during the eighteenth century and remains so. Tea is a prominent feature of British culture and society.
Both in England and in the Republic of Ireland, drinking tea is so varied that it is quite difficult to generalize. Although usually served with milk, it is not uncommon to drink it black or with lemon, with sugar being a popular addition to any of the above. Strong tea, served in cups with milk and sugar, is a popular combination known as tea builder.
Video Tea in the United Kingdom
Teh ala Inggris
Menyeduh teh
Even a very formal event could be the cause of cups and dishes used instead of mugs. A typical British semi-formal tea ritual may proceed as follows (the host performs all but recorded acts):
- Boiling water boiler (with fresh water to ensure good oxygenation that is essential for tea leaf diffusion).
- Enough boiling water is turned around the teapot to warm it and then poured.
- Add loose tea leaves (usually black tea) or tea bags, always added before boiling water.
- Fresh boiling water is poured onto tea in a pan and allowed to rip for 2 to 5 minutes while a comfortable tea can be placed on a pan to keep the tea warm.
- The tea screen is placed over the cup and the tea is poured in, except the tea bag is used. The tea bag can be removed, if desired, once the desired strength is achieved.
- White sugar and milk (in that order) may be added, usually by guests.
- The pot will usually drink enough tea to keep it empty after filling the cups of all the guests. If that is the case, the tea shop is replaced after everyone is served. Hot water can be provided in separate pots, and is only used for masking pots, not cups.
Questions about milk
Whether to put milk into a cup before or after tea has been a matter of debate since at least the middle of the 20th century; in his 1946 essay "A Nice Cup of Tea", author George Orwell writes, "tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in this country and causes a stern dispute over how it should be done". Whether to put tea in the first cup and add milk after, or vice versa, have divided public opinion, with Orwell stating, "indeed in every family in England there may be two schools of thought on this subject".
Another aspect of the debate is the claim that adding milk at different times alters the flavors of tea (for example, see ISO 3103 and Royal Society of Chemistry's "How to make a Perfect Tea Cup".) Some studies show that warming milk is above 75 degrees Celsius after tea is poured, not before) causes denaturation of lactalbumin and lactoglobulin. Other studies have argued that brewing time has a greater importance. Regardless, when milk is added to tea, it may affect the taste. In addition to taste considerations, the sequence of these steps is considered to have been, historically, an indication of the class. Only those who are rich enough to buy good quality porcelain will be confident of being able to cope with exposure to boiling water that is not mixed with milk.
A further point of discussion on when to add milk is how it affects the time taken for the liquid to reach a potable temperature. When adding the first milk will cause a decrease in the initial temperature leading to a shallower cooling curve (thus cooling down more slowly) while also increasing the volume (which will slightly increase the surface area where tea may lose heat), one study notes that adding the first milk leads on tea that retains heat from all proportions with this effect. The main mechanism that cools hot tea is not conduction or radiation but a loss of evaporation that is affected by the physical properties of milk. The study concluded that lipids in milk prevent water from evaporating so quickly that it retains heat longer.
Etiquette Drink
There is an opinion on the proper way to drink tea when using cups and saucers. Historically, during the 1770s and 1780s, it was fashionable to drink tea from a plate. Saucer is deeper than current fashion and more like a bowl like their Chinese anteseden. If someone sits at the table, the proper way to drink tea is to lift only the tea cup, placing it back into the plate between the sips. When standing or sitting in a chair without a table, one holds a tea plate with a loose hand and a cup of tea in the dominant hand. When not in use, tea cups are placed back on a tea plate and held in one's lap or at the waist. In any event, tea cups should not be held or waved in the air. The finger should be curved inward, no fingers should be stretched from the handle of the cup.
Maps Tea in the United Kingdom
Tea as a break
British workers by law, have the right to rest at least twenty minutes in a six-hour shift; government guidelines describe this as a "tea break or lunch". More informally, this is known as an increase, ie a few hours before lunch hour, traditionally served in 11 Ã, morning.
The Tea Builder in a cup is a hallmark of quick tea breaks in weekdays.
Tea as food
Tea is not just the name of the drink but also the snack. Anna Maria, Duchess of Bedford, is credited with her creation, circa 1840, to counteract the hunger between lunch and dinner, as the latter is presented later and later. The tradition continues to this day in tea rooms in England. While these companies have declined in popularity since World War II, many are still found in the countryside. In the West Country, cream tea is a specialty: scones, clotted cream and jam accompanying drinks. Afternoon tea, in contemporary British usage, usually shows a special occasion, perhaps in the hotel dining room, with savory snacks (tea sandwiches) as well as small sweet pastries.
A social event to enjoy tea together, usually in a private home, is a tea party.
"Tea" (sometimes "high tea") can also mean a delicious and tasty early dinner. This usage is common in British English working-class and in Northern England, Scotland, and Ulster (almost exclusively in County Donegal and Northern Ireland). See Tea as dinner.
Tea card
In England, a number of loose tea varieties sold in packages from the 1940s to the 1980s contain tea cards. This is a picture card approximately the same size as a cigarette card and is meant to be collected by children. Perhaps the most famous are Typhoo and Brooke Bond teas (manufacturer of PG Tips), the latter of whom also provide albums for collectors to store their cards. In a brand called Brooke Bond Dividend D , the card is a dividend ("divide") against the cost of tea.
Some renowned artists are assigned to illustrate cards, including Charles Tunnicliffe. Many of these card collections are now valuable collector's items.
A related phenomenon emerged in the early 1990s when PG Tips released a series of tea pogs, with pictures of teacups and chimps on them. Tetley Tea releases competing pogs but never matches the popularity of various PG Tips.
History
The rising popularity of tea between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries has huge social, political and economic implications for Great Britain. It defines domestic honors and rituals, supports the rise and domination of the British Empire, and contributes to the revival of the Industrial Revolution by providing capital for factories and calories to laborers. It also shows the power of globalization and imperialism to transform a country and mold it into a modern society known today. Tea remains a popular drink in England in modern times and is still regarded as a symbol of British ritual and identity.
Historiography
Historians debate the cause of tea's popularity and many relate it to one or two factors, but different factors are seen at different times. Analysts argue in All About Tea: Volume I that the rise in popularity of tea in the United Kingdom is largely due to the reputation of tea among men as a drug beverage that can cure various diseases, along with a growing presence in the tavern coffee where elite people gather. As for the popularity of tea among women, he briefly admits that Princess Catherine of Braganza made fashionable tea among aristocratic women, but most attributed her popularity to ubiquity in a seventeenth-century medical discourse. Ellis, Coulton, and Mauger trace the popularity of tea back to three different groups in Empire of Tea: The Asian Leaf That Conquered the World . These groups are virtuosi, merchant, and aristocratic female elite. They argue that the influence of these three groups combines tea as a popular drink in the UK. Smith, in his article "Complications of the Commonplace: Tea, Sugar, and Imperialism" differs from Ukers and Ellis, Coulton, and Mauger as he argues that tea only becomes popular once sugar is added to drinks and tea with sugar becomes linked. with household rituals showing honor. Mintz, in both "The Role of Changing Food in Consumption Stories" and Sweet and Power , agrees and disagrees with Smith. Mintz admits that sugar plays a monumental role in the resurrection of tea, but contradicts Smith's relationship to tea with honor. While Smith argues that tea first became popular at home, Mintz believes that the first tea became popular in the workplace, when people drank tea during the day because of its warm, stimulating sweetness. It then enters home and becomes "an integral part of the social order."
Seventeenth century: the import of drugs and luxury
Initial title
The history of European interaction with tea dates back to the mid-sixteenth century. The earliest mention of tea in European literature was by Giambattista Ramusio, a Venetian explorer, as Chai Catai or "Chinese Tea" in 1559. Tea was mentioned several times in various European countries thereafter, but Jan Hugo van Linschooten, a Dutch navigator, first wrote a tea reference in 1598 in his book Discours of Voyages .
However, a few years later, in 1615, the earliest known reference to tea by a British occurred in a letter exchanged between Mr. R. Wickham, the agent of the British East India Company stationed in Japan to Mr. Eaton, stationed in Macao, China. In this letter, Wickham asked Eaton to send him a "pot of the best chaw type", phonetically how people would write cha h , said local dialect (Cantonese) for tea. Another early reference to tea appeared in the writings of merchant Samuel Purchas in 1625. The buyer explained how the Chinese consume tea as a "hentaiated herbe called chia which they put as much as walnut skin as it may contain, into a Porcelane dish, and drink with hot water. "In 1637, Peter Mundy, a traveler and merchant who invented tea in Fujian, China, wrote," chaa - only water with a kind of herb raised in it ".
Tea sales begin
Although there are a number of early mentions, it's a few years away before tea is actually sold in the UK. Green tea exported from China was first introduced at the London coffee shop shortly before Stuart Restoration (1660).
Thomas Garway (or Garraway), the owner of tobacco and coffee shops, was the first person in the UK to sell tea as a leaf and drink at his London coffee shop at the Exchange Alley in 1657. He had to explain the new drink in a pamphlet. As soon as Garway began selling it, the Coffee House Head of the Sultaness started selling tea as a drink and posted the first newspaper advertisement for tea at Mercuryus Politicus on September 30, 1658. The announcement proclaimed "It's Extraordinary, and by all Doctors approved , Chinese drink , called by China , Tcha , by another country Tay alias Tee ,....old at the head of the Sultaness, you Cophee-house in Sweetings-Rents, by the Royal Exchange, London ".
In London "Coffee, chocolate, and a kind of beverage named tee " "were sold on almost every street in 1659", according to Thomas Rugge Diurnall . Tea is primarily consumed by the upper classes and merchants: Samuel Pepys, curious for every novelty, tasting a new drink on September 25, 1660 and noted the experience in his diary: "I did send a cup of tee, (Chinese drink) from which I had never drunk ".
The British East India Company made the first order for tea imports in 1667 to their agent in Banten, and two tea tubes weighing 143 pounds 8 ounces arrived from Bantam in 1669. In 1672, a Baron Herbert servant in London sent instructions to make tea, and to warm fine cup, to Shropshire:
The instructions for tea are: one liter of boiled spring water, which puts a teaspoon of tea, and sweeten it to the ceiling with sugar sugar. As soon as tea and sugar come in, steam should be stored as much as possible, and let it lie half or quarter of an hour in the heat of the fire but not boiling. The small cup should be held on top of the steam before the liquid is inserted.
Early English equipment to make tea dates to the 1660s. Small porcelain tea bowl used by fashionable; they are sometimes sent with the tea itself. Drinking tea spurred the European imperial quest of Chinese porcelain, first successfully produced in England at the Chelsea porcelain factory, erected around 1743-45 and quickly imitated. See tea set.
Drinks
The first factor that contributes to the increasing popularity of tea is its reputation as a medical beverage. Tea was first labeled as a medical beverage in 1641 by Dutch physician Nikolas Dirx, who wrote under the pseudonym "Nicolas Tulp" - though he was also a director of the Dutch East India Company, so his praise on tea was probably marketing. tactics. In his book Observationes Medicae , he claims that "nothing compares to this plant" and that those who use it "are released from all illness and reach extreme old age." He specifies the benefits of certain teas, such as curing "headaches, runny nose, ophthalmia, catarrh, asthma, gastric lethargy, and intestinal problems." Thomas Garway, the first English shopkeeper to sell tea, published a leaflet in 1660 titled "The Right Description of Growth, Quality, and Vertu Leaf TEA" which also praised the health benefits of tea. Garway claims that "The drink is declared the healthiest, preserving in perfect health until the Age of Extreme", as well as "making the body active and healthy", "helping the Headache," "eliminating breathing difficulties," "strengthening the memory" and "expelleth infection ".
There have been numerous published works on the health benefits of tea, including those by Hartlib in 1657, Bontekoe in 1678, Povey in 1686, and Tryon in the 1690s, and the Royal College of Physicians debating whether any hot new exotic drink would "Agree to the Constitution our body English ". In 1667, Pepys noted that his wife drank tea with medical advice - "the drink that Pelling Pottecary tells her is good for colds and defluksinya". John Locke, the famous English philosopher, developed a tea craze after spending time with a Dutch medical man in the 1680s. Ellis, Coulton, and Mauger refer to these people as "virtuosi": scientists, philosophers, and doctors who were first attracted to tea and contributed to its initial popularity as a pharmacy. However, like the Tulp case, some of these people may be influenced by Indies companies and merchants who want to create a market for tea. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that the writings on so-called health benefits of tea contribute to the increasing popularity of tea in the UK.
Popularity amongst the aristocrats
According to Ellis, Coulton, Maugher, "tea six to ten times more expensive than coffee" in the 1660s, making it a very expensive and luxurious commodity. In addition, the proliferation of work on the health benefits of tea comes at a time when people in the upper classes of British society are becoming interested in their health.
In 1660, two pounds and two ounces of tea purchased from Portugal were officially presented to Charles II by the British East India Company. The drink, which is common in Europe, is the favorite of its newlywed Portuguese bride, Catherine of Braganza, who introduced her in court after marrying Charles II in 1662, and making it fashionable among the women in the palace as a drink of her simplicity.. The use of Catherine tea from Braganza as a court drink, rather than a drug drink, affected its popularity among literature around 1685. Every time consumed in court, it was "prominently on display" so as to show it off.
Thus, drinking tea became a central aspect of the aristocratic community in England in the 1680s, especially among women who drank it while gossiping at home. The introduction of tea and ladies from Catherine of Braganza is very important because it makes tea an acceptable drink for both sexes, when it can easily be categorized as a male drink if it is available only in coffee shops that are only frequented men. The desire of rich women to show off their luxury items in front of other women also increases the demand for tea and makes it more popular. Another factor that makes tea desirable among the elite is the addition of sugar, another established luxury commodity among the upper classes.
The eighteenth century: markers of mobility and middle-class patriotism
Colonial trade
While tea was slowly becoming more common in coffee shops during the second half of the seventeenth century, the first tea shop in London did not open until the early eighteenth century. Thomas Twining tea shop has been claimed as the first, opened in 1706, and still remains at 216 Strand, London. However, 1717 is also given as the date for the first teahouse. Among the early tea offerings in the UK and its popularity that extends little more than a century later, many factors contribute to the madness of this previously unknown foreign commodity.
Tea will not be a known staple of English food as it were not because of an increase in its supply that makes it more accessible. Between 1720 and 1750 tea imports into the UK via the British East India Company more than quadrupled. In 1766, exports from Canton reached six million pounds for British ships, compared with 4.5 Dutch ships, 2.4 in Sweden, 2.1 in France. The "tea fleet" is really growing. Tea is very attractive to the Atlantic world not only because it is easy to cultivate but also because of how easy it is to prepare and its ability to revive spirits and, it is said, cures a mild cold.
When tea was first introduced to England, the British East India Company did not directly trade with China and traders were counting on tea imports from the Netherlands. Because this tea is very expensive and difficult to obtain, very little demand, except among the elite who can afford it and make special orders. It was not until 1700 that the British East India company began to trade regularly with China and ordered tea, albeit not in large quantities. Smith argues that tea trade is actually a side effect of silk and textile trade because this is China's most desirable commodity at the time. In 1720, however, Parliament banned the import of Asian textiles and finished traders from focusing on tea instead. This new focus marks a turning point for UK tea trade and arguably why tea is becoming more popular than coffee. After the British East India company focused on tea as its main import, tea soon reached price stability. Conversely, coffee prices remain unpredictable and high, allowing tea to become popular before coffee becomes more accessible. In addition, the increasing demand for tea and sugar is easily met with an increase in supply along with the growth of the tea industry in India, which prevents a sharp price increase that will make people reluctant to buy it. In fact, tea prices actually dropped as it became more popular among the middle and upper-middle class. A significant drop in tea prices between 1720 and 1750 was a major turning point for tea in the UK. Increased supply of tea is one of the most important factors driving its popularity in the UK and opening the tea world to a new level of society.
Introduction about milk and sugar
Although at the beginning of the 18th century tea was getting popular, the addition of sugar helped the popularity of tea soaring. The British began adding sugar to their tea between 1685 and the early eighteenth century. By this time, sugar has been used to enhance the taste of other foods among the elite and has a reputation as a luxury luxury. Because tea and sugar have status implications, it makes sense to drink them together, and the growth of tea imports is parallel to sugar in the 18th century, which in itself is booming due to the growth of sugar plantations in America. But, as mentioned earlier, the British elite classes are beginning to care more about health and their literature about the discomfort of sugar began to circulate in the late seventeenth century. Adding sugar to tea, however, is seen as an acceptable way to consume sugar because it suggests that "a person has self-control to consume sugar in a healthy way." Sugar also stinges the bitterness of tea, so it only makes tea more desirable because it tastes better. Because the supply of tea and sugar grew during the early 18th century, the combination of these two commodities became more universal and increased the popularity and demand for both products. Black tea beats green tea in popularity in the 1720s when sugar and milk were added to tea, a practice not practiced in China.
Popularity among the middle class
Since tea began in England as a luxury for super-rich people, it had a reputation in the 18th century as a top-class commodity. But as prices fall slowly, more people in the middle tier of society have access to it. Thus, drinking tea becomes associated with honor among the upper middle class. When people drink tea, they are expected to have certain behaviors and behave in a certain way. Soon, drinking tea became a household ritual among families, colleagues, and friends who were rich enough to buy it, which also increased demand. The relationship between tea and honor becomes so ingrained both in British and Irish culture to the point where it can not be out of date. Drinking tea among these groups is also immediately considered patriotic. Because the British East India Company has a monopoly over the tea industry in the UK, tea is becoming more popular than coffee, chocolate, and alcohol. Tea is seen as a beverage that comes from England and tea is driven by the British government because of the income earned from drinking tea. Unlike coffee and chocolate, originating from the colony of British rivals in various regions of the world, tea is produced in a large colony and serves as a means not only of profit but of colonial power. Mintz goes so far as to suggest that the combination of ritual and increased production in the British colony is how tea became inherently British.
As Britain continued to import more tea throughout the 18th century, tea slowly changed from the honorable commodities consumed by the polite class in household rituals to the absolute necessity in the UK diet, even among the working class poor. John Hanway, an eighteenth-century social reformer, observed the widespread tea consumption by the poor in 1767. He described "certain paths... where beggars are often seen... drinking their tea", as well as "laborers repairing the streets they drank their tea "and tea" in the straw maker glasses ". Only two centuries after the first appearance of tea in British society as a beverage for nobility, tea has become so popular and available that the people at the bottom of the social hierarchy drink it as their choice of drink. It is at this point that tea becomes universal in all walks of life. Fernand Braudel asked, "is it true to say a new drink replaces gin in England?"
The nineteenth century: universal consumption
Adoption by the working class
In the nineteenth century, the popularity of tea had reached the working class and it was soon regarded as a daily necessity among the working poor. According to Scottish historian David MacPherson, tea has become cheaper than beer in the early nineteenth century. Furthermore, sugar also becomes very cheap at the moment and both are almost always consumed together. Although the price of coffee has also dropped at this point, tea is the preferred drink because, unlike coffee, tea still tastes good when diluted, which is often how poor people consume it to save money.
Tea has other attractions as well. Drinking hot sweet drinks change their diet, which generally consists of dry bread and cheese, and makes them down easier. The warm drink was very interesting considering the cold and wet climate in England. Furthermore, tea helps to alleviate some of the consequences of the urbanization that accompanies the industrial revolution: drinking the tea needed to boil water, thus killing water-borne diseases such as dysentery, cholera, and typhoid.
However, the poor consuming tea is very different from the polite rituals adopted by the upper classes. According to Mintz, "drinking tea among the poor may begin with respect to work, not at home", and some experts argue that tea plays a role in the British Industrial Revolution. Daily workers brew their tea in the open and bring their tea gear with them to work, as opposed to a private household ritual previously surrounded by tea. Afternoon tea may be a way to increase the number of working hours of labor; tea stimulants, accompanied by a calorie boost from the sugar and snacks that accompany it, will energize the worker to complete the day's work.
Cultivation in India
The popularity of tea delivers stealthy export slips, small buds to be planted or twigs to transplant tea plants, from China to British India and commercial cultivation there, beginning in 1840.
Between 1872 and 1884 the supply of tea to the United Kingdom increased with the extension of the train to the east. Demand, however, is disproportionate, which causes prices to rise. Nevertheless, from 1884 onwards, due to innovations in tea preparation, tea prices fell and remained relatively low throughout the first half of the twentieth century.
Soon after that London became the center of international tea trade. With the import of high tea also comes a huge increase in porcelain demand. The demand for tea cups, pans and saucers increases with this popular new drink.
Gender
Roger Fulford argues that the tea room benefits women in the Victorian era, where this neutral public space plays a role in "spreading independence" for women and their struggle to vote. Paul Chrystal characterized the tea room as "popular and fashionable, especially with women", giving them a dignified and safe place to meet and eat - and strategize on political campaigns.
Tea today
In 2003, DataMonitor reported that regular tea drinking in the UK was declining. There was a 10.25 percent decrease in the purchase of normal teabags in the UK between 1997 and 2002. Sales of ground coffee also fell during the same period. The English instead of drinking a health-oriented drink such as fruit or herbal tea, consumption increased by 50 percent from 1997 to 2002. Furthermore, unexpectedly, statistics are that sales of decaffeinated tea and coffee dropped even faster during this period than sales of the more common varieties. Declining tea sales are matched by espresso espresso sales. Nevertheless, tea still remains a very popular drink and is still embedded in British culture and society.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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