Soap is a term for salts of fatty acids or for various cleaning products and lubricants produced from such substances. Use of household for soap includes washing, bathing, and other household types, where the soap acts as a surfactant, emulsifying oil to enable them to be carried by water. In industry, they are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants, and precursors for catalysts.
Video Soap
Macam sabun
Since they are the salts of fatty acids, soaps have the general formula (RCO 2 - ) n M n (R = alkyl). The main classification of soap is determined by the identity of M n . When M = Na or K, soap is called toilet soap, used to wash hands. Many metal dations (Mg 2 , Ca 2 , and others) provide metallic soaps. When M = Li, the result is a lithium soap (eg, lithium stearate), which is used in high performance grease.
Non-toilet soap
Soap is a major component of most lubricating oils and thickeners. Greases are usually calcium soap emulsions or lithium soaps and mineral oils. Many other metallic soaps are also useful, including aluminum, sodium, and mixtures thereof. Such soap is also used as a thickener to increase the viscosity of the oil. In ancient times, lubricating oils were made by adding chalk to olive oil.
Metallic soaps are also included in modern artist oil paint formulations as rheology modifiers.
Metallic soap production
Most heavy metal soaps are prepared with the neutralization of pure fatty acids:
- 2 RCO 2 H CaO -> (RCO 2 ) 2 Ca H 2 O
Toilet soap
In domestic settings, "soap" usually refers to what is technically called toilet soap, used for household and personal cleaning. When used for cleaning, soap dissolves particles and dirt, which can then be separated from the articles being cleaned. The insoluble fat/fat molecules become related in micelles, small balls formed from a soap molecule with a polar hydrophilic group (pulling water) on the outside and encasing a lipophilic (fat-pulling) bag, which protects the oil/fat molecules from water. make it dissolve. Anything that dissolves will drift along with water.
Toilet soap production
The production of toilet soap usually requires saponification of fat (triglycerides). Triglycerides are vegetable or animal oils and fats. An alkaline solution, often called alkali or sodium hydroxide), induces saponification where the first triglyceride fat hydrolyzes the fatty acid salt. Glycerol (glycerine) is liberated. Glycerin may remain in the soap product as a softening agent, although sometimes separately.
The type of alkali metal used determines the type of soap product. Sodium soaps, made from sodium hydroxide, are sturdy, whereas potassium soap, derived from potassium hydroxide, softer or often liquid. Historically, potassium hydroxide was extracted from sulfur ash or other plants. Lithium soaps also tend to be hard. It is used exclusively in greases.
To make toilet soap, triglycerides (oils and fats) come from coconut, olive, or palm oil, as well as fat. Triglycerides are the chemical names for fatty acid trials and glycerin. Tallow, that is, beef fat, is the most available triglyceride of animals. Each species offers a very different fatty acid content, producing soaps with different shades. Seed oil gives soap that is softer but lighter. Soaps made from pure olive oil, sometimes called Castile soap or Marseille soap, are renowned for their softness. The term "Castile" is also sometimes applied to soaps of oil mixtures, but a high percentage of olive oil.
History
Ancient Middle East
The earliest recorded record of the production of materials such as soap goes back to about 2800 BC in ancient Babylon. The formula for soap consisting of water, alkali, and cassia oil was written on the tablets of Babylonian soil around 2200 BC.
The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) shows ancient Egyptians bathing regularly and combining animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salt to create such substances as soap. Egyptian documents mention the same substance used in the preparation of wool for weaving.
During the reign of Nabonidus (556-539 BC), recipes for soap consisted of Roman Empire
The word sapo , Latin for soap, is probably borrowed from early Germanic and cognate in Latin sebum , "tallow". It first appeared in the Pliny the Elder's account. Naturalist Historia , which discusses making soap from fat and ash, but the only use he mentions for it is as a pomade for hair; he mentions rather disagreeing that people from Gaul and Germany are more likely to use them than their female counterparts. Aretaeus of Cappadocia, writing in the first century AD, observed among the "Celtic, called Gaul men, the alkaline substances made into spheres [...] called soap ". The body's preferred method of cleansing the Romans was to massage the oil to the skin and then scrape the oil and dirt with strigil. Gallic uses soap made from animal fats.
Zosimos of Panopolis, about 300 years old, describes soap and soap. Galen describes the making of soap using alkaline and set the wash to carry impurities from the body and clothing. The use of soap for personal hygiene became increasingly common in the 2nd century AD According to Galen, the best soap is German, and soap from Gaul is second best. Ancient Chinese
Detergents similar to soaps are produced in ancient China from the seeds of Gleditsia sinensis. Another traditional detergent is a mixture of pig pancreas and plant ash called "Zhu yi zi". The original soap, made from animal fat, did not appear in China until the modern era. Soaps like soap are not as popular as ointments and creams.
Middle East Islam
The hard toilet soap with a pleasant smell was produced in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, when soap making became an established industry. The recipe for soap making is described by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854-925), who also prescribes to produce glycerin from olive oil. In the Middle East, soaps are produced from the interaction of fat and fatty oils with alkali. In Syria, soap is produced using olive oil along with alkali and lime. Soap is exported from Syria, to other parts of the Muslim world and to Europe.
A 12th century Islamic document describes the production process of soap. It mentions the main ingredient, alkali, which then becomes essential to modern chemistry, derived from al-qaly In the 13th century, soap making in the Islamic world has become almost industrial, with sources in Nablus, Fes, Damascus, and Aleppo. Medieval Europe
The soap maker in Naples was a member of the union at the end of the sixth century (which was under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire), and in the 8th century, the famous soap manufacture in Italy and Spain. The Carolingian capitulary De Villis, dated to about 800, represents the royal will of Charlemagne, mentioning soap as one of the products maintained by royal servants. The Medieval Land of Spain was the leading soap soap in the year 800, and soap making began in the United Kingdom around 1200. The soap making is referred to as "women's work" and as a result of "good workers" in addition to other needs, such as the results of carpenters, blacksmith, and baker.
In Europe, soap in the 9th century is produced from animal fats and has an unpleasant odor. The toilet soup is hard with a pleasant smell then imported from the Middle East.
19th-19th century
In France, during the second half of the 15th century, professional semi-industrialization soaps were concentrated in several Provence centers - Toulon, Hyères, and Marseille - which supplied the rest to France. In Marseilles, in 1525, production was concentrated in at least two factories, and soap production in Marseille tended to eclipse other ProvenÃÆ'§al centers. British manufacturers tend to concentrate in London.
Finer soaps were then produced in Europe from the 16th century, using vegetable oils (such as olive oil) as opposed to animal fats. Much of this soap is still produced, both industrially and by small-scale craftsmen. Castile soap is a popular example of only vegetable soap that comes from the oldest "white soap" in Italy.
Industrial-produced broom soaps became available at the end of the 18th century, as advertising campaigns in Europe and America increased popular awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and health. In modern times, the use of soap has become common in industrialized countries because of a better understanding of the role of cleanliness in reducing the size of the population of pathogenic microorganisms.
20th century
Until the Industrial Revolution, soap making was done on a small scale and the product was rough. In 1780 James Keir founded a chemical work in Tipton, for the manufacture of alkali from sulfates from potash and soda, which he then added to the soap factory. The extraction method takes place on Keir's discovery. Andrew Pears started making high quality transparent soaps in 1807 in London. His son-in-law, Thomas J. Barratt, opened a factory in Isleworth in 1862.
During the Restoration era (February 1665 - August 1714) the soap tax was introduced in England, which meant that until the mid-1800s, soap was a luxury, used regularly only by wealthy people. The soap-making process is closely monitored by revenue officers who ensure that soap-making equipment remains locked and locked when unattended. In addition, soap can not be produced by small manufacturers because the law stipulates that soap boilers must produce a minimum quantity of imperial tonnes every time it boils, which puts the process beyond the reach of the average person. Soap trade was encouraged and deregulated when taxes were lifted in 1853.
William Gossage produces cheap low-cost soaps from the 1850s. Robert Spear Hudson began producing powder soap in 1837, originally by grinding soap with dimples and pestle. American producer Benjamin T. Babbitt introduced marketing innovations that included the sale of bar soaps and the distribution of product samples. William Hesketh Lever and his brother James bought a small soap in Warrington in 1886 and founded what is still one of the largest soap businesses, previously called Lever Brothers and now called Unilever. This soap business is among the first to use large-scale advertising campaigns.
Liquid soap
Liquid soap was not discovered until the nineteenth century; in 1865, William Shepphard patented a liquid version of soap. In 1898, B.J. Johnson develops soap derived from oil palm and olive oil; his company, the B.J. Johnson Soap Company, introduced the soap brand "Palmolive" in the same year. This brand new soap became popular quickly, and in such a way that B.J. Johnson Soap Company changed its name to Palmolive.
In the early 1900s, other companies began to develop their own liquid soap. Products like Pine-Sol and Tide appear on the market, making the process of cleaning items other than leather, such as clothing, floors, and bathrooms, much easier.
Liquid soap also works better for traditional or non-machine washing methods, such as using wash boards.
Making soap for hobbyists
Various methods are available for fans to make soap. Most soap makers use a process in which glycerol remains in the product, and saponification continues for several days after the soap is poured into the mold. Glycerol is left during the process-hot method, but at high temperatures used, the reaction is practically finished in the kettle, before the soap is poured into the mold. This simple and quick process is used in small factories around the world.
Handmade soap from cold process also differs from industrial-made soap because excess fat is used, beyond the need to consume alkali (in a cold cast process, excess fat is called "superfatting"), and the remaining glycerol. in acting as a moisturizing agent. However, glycerine also makes soap softer. The addition of glycerol and soap treatment results in glycerin soap. Superfatted soaps are more skin-friendly than those with no extra fat, although they can leave a "greasy" impression. Sometimes, an emollient is added, such as jojoba oil or shea butter. Sand or pumice can be added to produce abrasive soap. Scouring agent serves to remove dead cells from the surface of the skin being cleaned. This process is called exfoliation.
To make antibacterial soaps, compounds such as triclosan or triclocarban can be added. There are some concerns that the use of antibacterial soaps and other products may encourage antibiotic resistance in microorganisms.
Maps Soap
See also
Personal Use Soap
- African black soap, popular in West Africa
- Aleppo soap, popular in Syria
- Castle soap, popular in Spain
- Face Soap. pH balanced for face
- Lava (soap), hand cleaning from industrial oil and dirt
- Marseille soap, popular in France
- Nabulsi Soap, popular in the West Bank
- Salt water soap, used for washing in seawater
- Shaving cream, used for shaving
- Bar soap, soap produced
- Vegetarian soap, made without using animal by-products
Soap Related
References
Further reading
-
William Lant; Leask, Henry (1895). Minutes on making soap and candles, lubricants and glycerin . Ã, Free eBook on Google Books. - Dunn, Kevin M. (2010). Making of Scientific Soap: The Chemistry of Cold Process . Press Clavicula. ISBN: 978-1-935652-09-0.
- Garzena, Patrizia, and Marina Tadiello (2004). Natural Soaps: Materials, methods and recipes for natural handmade soaps . Online information and Table of Contents. ISBN 978-0-9756764-0-0/
- Garzena, Patrizia, and Marina Tadiello (2013). The Natural Soapmaking Handbook . Online information and Table of Contents. ISBN 978-0-9874995-0-9/
- Mohr, Merilyn (1979). Art of Soap Making . Harrowsmith Contemporary Primer. Firefly Book. ISBN 978-0-920656-03-7.
- Soap . Offers Spons Workshop. Vol. IV - Water Rain to Wire Rope. Sponge. 1921. pp.Ã, 143-179.
- Thomssen, E. G., Ph. D. (1922). Soap Making Manual . Free eBook in Project Gutenberg.
External links
- Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bath soap". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). Cambridge University Press.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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