The Citadel is a military construction, or building, designed for territorial defense in warfare and also used to establish rules in an area during peacetime. For thousands of years, humans have built defensive works in increasingly complex designs. The term is derived from the Latin fortis ("strong") and facere ("to create").
From early history to modern times, walls often required cities to survive in an ever-changing world of invasion and conquest. Several settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization were the first fortified fortified towns. In ancient Greece, large stone walls have been built in Mycenaean Greece, such as the ancient site of Mycenae (famous for its large stone blocks from its 'cyclopean' wall). Greek phrourion is a collection of enriched buildings used as military garrisons, and is equivalent to Roman castles or English castles. This construction mainly serves the purpose of the watchtower, to guard certain roads, passes, and lands that may threaten the kingdom. Though smaller than the real castle, they act as border guards rather than a real strong point to keep an eye on and keep the border.
The art of setting up a military camp or building a castle has traditionally been called "castramentation" since the days of the Roman legion. Fortification is usually divided into two branches: permanent fortification and field fortification. There is also an intermediate branch known as a semi-permanent castle. The castle is a fort that is considered different from a generic fort or castle because they are the residence of a king or nobleman and control a certain defense area.
The Roman fort and the castle of the hill are the main anteseden of castles in Europe, which appeared in the 9th century in the Carolingian Empire. The early Middle Ages saw the creation of several towns built around the castle.
The medieval style fort was largely made obsolete by the arrival of the cannons of the 14th century. The castles of the time of black powder evolved into much lower structures with the use of larger trenches and earth forts that would absorb and dissolve the firing energy of cannons. The walls exposed to cannon fire are directly vulnerable, thus sinking into the trenches fronted by the slopes of the earth.
The arrival of explosive shells in the 19th century led to another stage in the evolution of fortification. Star castles do not go well against high explosive effects, and intricate bastion arrangements, flanking batteries and carefully built fire lines for defense cannons can be quickly harassed by explosive bullets. Steel and concrete castles are commonly found in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But advances in modern warfare since World War I have made large-scale forts obsolete in most situations.
The demilitarized zone along the border is arguably another type of fortification, although the passive type, provides a buffer between a potentially hostile military.
Video Fortification
Nomenklatur
Many US military installations are known as fortresses, although they are not always fortified. Indeed, during the pioneering era of North America, many outposts on the border, even non-military posts, are commonly referred to as fortresses. Larger military installations can be called fortress ; the smaller one was known as fortalices . The word
The art of setting up a military camp or building a castle has traditionally been called castramentation since the days of the Roman legion. The art of besieging the citadel and destroying it is usually called siegecraft or siege warfare and is officially known as poliorcetics. In some texts this last term also applies to the art of building a castle.
Fortification is usually divided into two branches: permanent fortification and field fortification. The permanent fortress was established in leisure time, with all the resources the country can render from its constructive and mechanical skills, and built from perennial materials. Field forts - for example homework - and often known as fieldwork or ground work, are ruled out by troops in the field, possibly assisted by local labor and such tools available and with materials that do not require much preparation, such as soil, wood and light wood, or sandbags (see sangar). An example of field fortification was the construction of Fort Necessity by George Washington in 1754.
There is also an intermediate branch known as semi-permanent fortification . This is used when in a campaign, it is desirable to protect some areas with the best imitation of permanent defenses that can be made in a short time, many resources and skilled civilian labor available. Examples are the construction of Roman fortifications in Britain and in other Roman regions where camps were established for the purpose of staying for some time, but not permanently.
The castle is a fort that is considered different from a generic fort or fortress because it depicts the residence of a king or nobleman and governs a particular area of ​​defense. An example of this is the massive medieval palace of Carcassonne.
Maps Fortification
History
Ancient
From early history to modern times, the wall has become a necessity for many cities. In Bulgaria, near the city of Provadia, a fortified settlement framed today called Solnitsata from 4700 BC has a diameter of about 300 feet (100 meters), is home to 350 people living in two-story houses, surrounded by a wall that fortified.. The huge walls around the settlement, built very high and with stone blocks 6 feet tall and 4.5 feet (1.5 meters) high, make it one of the earliest walled settlements in Europe but younger than the walled city Sesklo in Greece from 6800 BC. Uruk in ancient Sumeria (Mesopotamia) is one of the oldest known walled cities in the world. Ancient Egyptians also built fortresses on the Nile Valley border to protect against invaders from neighboring territories. Many ancient world forts were built with mud brick, often leaving them no more than mounds of land to archaeologists today.
Great prehistoric stone walls surround the ancient temple Ness of Brodgar 3200 BC in Scotland. Named "Great Wall Brodgar" is four meters thick and four meters. The wall has a symbolic or ritualistic function. Assyria deployed a large labor force to build new palaces, temples, and defensive walls.
Some settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization are also fortified. Around 3500 BC, hundreds of small farm villages adorn the Indus floodplains. Many of these settlements have fortifications and planned roads. The stone and mud houses in Kot Diji are clustered behind a massive flood stone embankment and defensive wall, as the people around it constantly quarrel about the control of the main farmland. Mundigak (around 2500 BC) in southeastern Afghanistan currently has a defensive wall and a dry sunlit brick camp.
In the Maltese Bronze Age, some settlements also began to be fortified. The most prominent example is the Bor? in-Nadur, where a fort built around 1500 BC found Babylon was one of the most famous cities in the ancient world, mainly as a result of the Nebuchadnezzar development program, which expanded the walls and built the Gate of Ishtar. The exceptions are few - in particular, ancient Sparta and ancient Rome have no walls for a long time, choosing to rely on their military for defense instead. Initially, the castle was a simple construction of wood and earth, which was subsequently replaced by construction of a mixture of stones piled on top of each other without mortar. In ancient Greece, large stone walls have been built in Mycenaean Greece, such as the ancient site of Mycenae (famous for its large stone blocks from its 'cyclopean' wall). In the classical era of Greece, the city of Athens built two parallel stone walls, called Long Walls, which reached the fortified port at Piraeus a few miles away.
In Central Europe, the Celtic built a large fortified settlement known as oppida, whose walls were partly influenced by those built in the Mediterranean. The castle continues to be expanded and improved. Around 600 BC, in Heuneburg, Germany, the fortress was built on a limestone foundation supported by a mud-brick wall about 4 meters high, possibly topped by a roofed road, reaching a total height of 6 meters. The walls are lined with lime plaster, updated regularly. The tower jutted out from there.
The Oppidum of Manching (Germany: Oppidum von Manching) is a large, proto-urban or city-like settlement of Celtic in modern Manching (near Ingolstadt), Bavaria (Germany). This settlement was founded in the 3rd century BC and is present until c. 50-30 BC. This reached its greatest level during the period of La TÃÆ'¨ne (the end of the 2nd century BC), when it had a size of 380 hectares. At that time, 5,000 to 10,000 people live inside the 7.2 km wall. Oppidum Bibracte is another example of the Gaulish fortified settlement.
Mura aureliane is a line of city walls built between 271 AD and 275 AD in Rome, Italy, during the reign of Roman Emperor Aurelian and Probus. Its walls cover all seven hills of Rome plus the Campus of Martius and, on the right bank of the Tiber district of Trastevere. The banks of the river within the city limits appear to have been left unfortunate, though fortified along the Martius Campus. The complete series ran along 19 kilometers (12 miles) around an area of ​​13.7 square kilometers (5.3 m²). The walls are built in brick-faced concrete, 3.5 meters (11Ã, ft) thick and 8 meters (26Ã, ft) tall, with a square tower every 100 feet Roman (29.6 meters (97Ã, ft)). In the 5th century, remodeling doubled the wall's height to 16 meters (52 feet). At 500 AD, the circuit has 383 towers, 7.020 crenelations, 18 main gates, 5 postern gates, 116 latrines, and 2,066 large external windows.
The Romans fortified their cities with huge stone walls. The most famous of these is the largely Roman Aurelian Wall and the Theodosian Wall of Constantinople, together with partial remains elsewhere. These are mostly city gates, such as Porta Nigra in Trier or Newport Arch in Lincoln. The Hadrian Wall was built by the Roman Empire on the other side of what is now northern England after a visit by Roman Emperor Hadrian (AD 76-138) in AD 122
India
India has more fortifications than any other country in the world, built in all periods between the late stone age and the British Raj. "Fort" is a word used in India for all old forts. India currently has more than 180 forts, with the state of Maharashtra alone having more than 70 forts, also known as durg , many of which were built by Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha state. Most of the strongholds in India are in northern India. The most important fortress is the Red Fort in Delhi, the Red Fort in Agra, Chittor Fort and Mehrangarh Fort in Rajasthan, Ranthambhor Fortress in Rajasthan and Gwalior Fort in Madhya Pradesh.
China
The great wrought earth wall (ie, the bumping ground) was built in ancient China since the Shang dynasty (ca. 1600-1050 BC); the capital of ancient Ao has a large wall built in this way (see siege for more info). Although stone walls were built in China during the War States (481-221 BC), mass conversion to stone architecture did not begin in earnest until the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD). The Great Wall of China has been built since the Qin dynasty (221-207 BC), although its present form is largely a technical achievement and renovation of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 AD).
In addition to the Great Wall, a number of cities in China are also using defense walls to defend their city. The famous Chinese city wall includes the city walls of Hangzhou, Nanjing, the Old City of Shanghai, Suzhou, Xi'an and the walled villages of Hong Kong. The famous wall of the Forbidden City in Beijing was founded in the early 15th century by Emperor Yongle. The Forbidden City forms the interior of Beijing's fortress.
Philippines
The Ivatans in the Batanes archipelago in the north often built fortifications to protect themselves during wartime. They built what is called idjangs in the hills and elevated areas. These castles are likened to European palaces because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castle is through a rope ladder that will only be lowered for the villagers and can be kept away when the invaders arrive.
Igorots fortress was built made of stone walls averaging several meters in width and about two to three times its width around 2000 BC.
With the arrival of Muslim scholars from nearby Indonesia, native Filipinos were introduced to the concept of the City or fortress. The Muslim Filipinos of the south are building strong strongholds called towns or moong to protect their communities. Usually, many of the inhabitants of this city are whole families rather than just soldiers. Lords often have their own city to assert their right to rule, it not only serves as a military installation but as a palace for the local God. It is said that at the height of the Maguindanao Sultanate, they covered the area around Mindanao West with Kotas and other fortresses to block Spain's progress to the region. It is usually made of stone and bamboo or other lightweight materials and is surrounded by a network of moats. As a result, some of these kotas are easy to burn. With further Spanish campaigns in the region, the Sultanate was conquered and the majority of Kotas was dismantled or destroyed. Kotas is not only used by Muslims as a defense against the Spaniards and other foreigners, rebels and rebels also build fortresses that deviate from other leaders in the area. During the American occupation, rebels built fortresses and Datus, Rajahs or Sultan often built and strengthened his city in a desperate attempt to maintain power over their people and land. Many of these fortresses were also destroyed by American expeditions, as a result, very few cities still survive to this day. Leading Space:
- Selurong City: a outpost of the Brunei Empire in Luzon, later became the City of Manila.
- Kuta Wato/Bato City: Literally translated into "stone fortress" the first known stone fortress in the country, its ruins exist as "Kutawato Cave Complex"
- Sug/Jolo City: The capital and seat of the Sulu Sultanate. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870s, they turned the city into the smallest city in the world.
And during the Spanish Era, The Intramuros is an old walled city of Manila located along the southern edge of the Pasig River. This historic town is home to centuries-old churches, schools, monasteries, government buildings and residences, the finest collection of Spanish colonial architecture before it was largely destroyed by World War II bombs. Of all the buildings in the 67-acre town, only one building, the Church of San Agustin, survived the war.
Islam
During the era of Muhammad in Arabia, many tribes used fortresses. In the Battle of Trench, most of Madinah's defenders, especially Muslims led by Islamic prophet Muhammad, dug a trench, together with the natural fortress of Madinah, made the confederation cavalry (made up of horses and camels) useless, locking both sides. in a dead end. Hoping to make several attacks at once, his allies persuaded the alleged Banu Qurayza in Madinah to attack the city from the south. However, Muhammad's diplomacy thwarted the negotiations, and dissolved the confederation against him. Well-organized defenders, confederation morale, and poor weather conditions cause the siege to end in failure.
During the Ta'if siege in January 630, Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the enemy who escaped from the Battle of Hunayn and sought refuge in the fortress of Taif.
Medieval Europe
The Roman fort and the castle of the hill are the main anteseden of castles in Europe, which appeared in the 9th century in the Carolingian Empire. The early Middle Ages saw the creation of several towns built around the castle. These cities are only rarely protected by simple stone walls and more usually with a combination of both walls and moats. From the 12th century, hundreds of settlements of all sizes were established throughout Europe, which very often obtained the right of fortification soon after.
The establishment of urban centers is an important means of expansion of the region and many cities, especially in Eastern Europe, were established appropriately for this purpose during the Eastern Colonization period. These cities are easily recognizable because of the regular layout and large market space. The fortifications of these settlements continue to be enhanced to reflect the current level of military development.
During the Renaissance era, Venice lifted a great wall around the cities threatened by the Ottoman Empire. The best examples are, among others, in Nicosia (Cyprus) and Chania (Crete), which proved futile but still survive to this day.
Development after the introduction of firearms
The medieval style fort was largely made obsolete by the arrival of the cannons on the 14th century battlefield. The castles of the time of black powder evolved into much lower structures with the use of larger trenches and earth forts that would absorb and dissolve the firing energy of cannons. The walls exposed to cannon fire are directly vulnerable, thus sinking into the trenches fronted by the slopes of the earth.
This places heavy emphasis on the geometry of fortification to allow a mutual locking fire gun to close all approaches to the lower wall and thus more vulnerable.
The evolution of this new fortification style can be seen in transitional forts such as Sarzanello in northwestern Italy built between 1492 and 1502. Sarzanello is composed of both walls which are crenellated with distinctive towers of the medieval period but also have ravelin such as angular gun filtering platform one of the protected curtain wall from flanking the fire from the tower of the main part of the castle. Another example is the frozen Rhodes stronghold in 1522 so Rhodes is the only walled city of Europe that still shows the transition between classical medieval and modern medieval fortifications.
The castle is also extended in depth, with batteries protected for defense cannon, to enable them to attack the cannons to keep them in the distance and prevent them from attacking directly on vulnerable walls.
The result is a star-shaped fort with level by level horn and bastion, where Fort Bourtange is a very good example. There is also a vast castle of this era in the Nordic countries and in England, Berwick-upon-Tweed castles and the Suomenlinna harbor islands in Helsinki are a great example.
19th century
The arrival of explosive shells in the 19th century led to another stage in the evolution of fortification. Star castles do not go well against the effects of high explosions and intricate bastion arrangements, flanking batteries, and carefully constructed fire lines for defense cannons quickly disrupted by explosive bullets.
To make matters worse, the large open trenches surrounding these forts are an integral part of the defense scheme, such as the closed path at the edge of the cash register. The ditch is very susceptible to bombardment with explosive bullets.
In response, military engineers developed a polygonal fortification style. The gutter becomes deep and vertical, cuts directly to rock or native ground, arranged as a series of straight lines that create a fortified center area that gives this style of fortification its name.
Widespread enough to be an impassable barrier to attack troops, but narrow enough to be a difficult target for enemy fire, the moat was swept away from the defensive blockade mounted in the trench as well as the firing position cut into the outer surface of the trench itself..
The castle profile becomes very low, surrounded outside a ditch covered by people wearing caponier by a sloping open area so as to eliminate the possibility of closing for enemy forces, while the castle itself gives a minimum target for enemy fire. The entry point becomes a concave bottom gate on the inside of the trench, which is reached by a curved path that gives access to the gate through a rolling bridge that can be drawn to the gate.
Most of the castle moves underground. The deep lines and tunnels now linked the houses and shootings in the gutter to the fortress, with magazines and machine spaces well below the surface. However, the weapons were often installed in open emplacement and protected only by a dividing wall; both to keep the profile lower and also because the experience with the weapons in closed casemate has seen them removed by the debris because their casemata collapsed around them.
Disappeared cities that surround the city: the castle had to be moved out of town about 12 km to keep the enemy from afar so that their artillery could not bombard the city center. From now on the circle of the castle must be built at a distance that allows them to effectively cover the interval between them.
The new fortresses abandoned the principle of the castle, which has also become obsolete by advances in weapons. The outline is a simplified polygon, surrounded by a moat. These forts, built with stone and stone formed, are designed to protect their garrisons against bombing. One of the new system organizing features involves the construction of two defensive curtains: the outline of the castle, which is supported by an inner ring or a line at critical points of the field or intersection (see, for example, the SÃÆ'Â © rÃÆ' Â © r Rivias system in France).
Traditional fortification, however, continues to be applied by European forces involved in warfare in the colonies established in Africa against the mildly armed invaders of the indigenous population. A small number of human rights defenders in a fortress resistant to primitive weaponry can withstand high obstacles, the only constraint is the supply of ammunition.
the 20th and 21st centuries
Steel and concrete castles are commonly found in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But advances in modern warfare since World War I have made large-scale forts obsolete in most situations. In the 1930s and 1940s, several forts were built with designs considering the new threat of air warfare, such as Fort Campbell in Malta. Nonetheless, only underground bunkers are capable of providing protection in modern warfare. Many historic fortresses were destroyed during modern times, but large numbers survive as popular tourist destinations and leading local landmarks today.
The fall of a permanent castle has two causes:
- The ever-increasing strength, speed and reach of artillery and air power mean that almost all of the targets to be found can be destroyed, if enough force is forced against it. Thus, the more resources that are defended to fortify the fortress, the more fortified fighter powers to destroy it, if the destruction of the fort is demanded by the attacker's strategy. From World War II, bunker busters were used against the fortifications. In 1950, nuclear weapons were capable of destroying the entire city, and produced dangerous radiation. This led to the creation of civilian nuclear air attack shelters.
- The second weakness of the permanent fort is permanent. Because of this, it is often easier to encircle a fortress and, with the advent of warfare moving in early World War II, it becomes a viable offensive option. When the defensive line is too wide to pass completely, a massive offensive attack can be forced on one part of the line that allows a breakthrough, after which the rest of the line can be skipped. Such was the fate of many defense lines built before and during World War II, such as the Siegfried Line, Stalin Line and the Atlantic Wall. This does not happen on the Maginot Line; it was designed to force Germany to invade another country (Belgium or Switzerland) to circle it, and succeed in that sense.
Instead of a field fortress rose to dominate defensive action. In contrast to the trench warfare that dominated World War I, this defense was more temporary. This is an advantage because it is therefore less widespread it forms a less clear target for enemy forces to be directed.
If enough strength is compressed against a point to penetrate it, the forces based there can be drawn and the line can be reshaped relatively quickly. Instead of a supposedly impenetrable line of defense, such a stronghold emphasizes defensive depth, so that when defenders are forced to retreat or be mastered, the lines of defense behind them can take over the defense.
Since mobile phone attacks by both parties are usually focused on avoiding the strongest points of the defense line, these defenses are usually relatively thin and spread along the lines. Defense is usually not as strong.
The strength of the defensive line in an area varies according to how quickly the attacker's forces can advance on the field being preserved - both the defense line's terrain is built above and on the ground behind it that an assailant might expect to exit to. This is the reason for the strategic value of the land, and the value of its defense.
This is possible because while offensive tactics focus on mobility, so do defensive tactics. The excavated defense consists primarily of infantry and antitank weapons. Defending tanks and destroyers will be concentrated in the mobile "Brigade of Fire" behind the line of defense. If a large attack is launched against a point on the line, moving assistance will be sent to reinforce the part of the line that is in danger of failing.
Thus the line of defense can be relatively thin because most of the defensive fighting forces are not concentrated in the line itself but inside the cell phone backup. An important exception to this rule was seen in the line of defense at the Battle of the Kursk during World War II, where German troops deliberately attacked to the strongest part of the Soviet defense that tried to destroy them completely.
The field that is being maintained is of utmost importance because of the tank's open tidal field rapidly enabling rapid progress to the hazardous defenders' area that is very dangerous for defenders. Thus such a field must be maintained by all means.
In addition, because in theory the line of defense must only last long enough for the backup of the phone to strengthen it, the terrain that does not allow rapid progress can be held weaker because the enemy's attack into it will be slower, giving longer time to the defender. to reinforce that point in the line. For example, the Battle of Hurtgen Forest in Germany during the closing stages of World War II is an excellent example of how difficult terrain can be used for the benefit of human rights defenders.
After World War II, ICBMs capable of reaching many roads around the world were developed, and thus speed became an essential feature of the military and the strongest defense. Silo missiles are developed, so missiles can be fired from the center of a country and hit cities and targets in other countries, and aircraft (and airlines) become major defense and offensive weapons (leading to the expansion of airport and airstrip use). as a bastion of defense). Moving defenses can also exist under water, in the form of nuclear submarines capable of firing missiles. Several bunkers in the mid to late 20th century began to be buried deep within the mountains and prominent rocks, such as Gibraltar and Cheyenne Mountain Complex. In the field itself, minefields have been used as a hidden defense in modern warfare, often remaining long after the war that has produced them has ended.
The demilitarized zone along the border is arguably another type of fortification, although the passive type, provides a buffer between a potentially hostile military.
Countermeasures
Just as in the colonial period, relatively obsolete strongholds were still used for low-intensity conflicts. Such fortresses range in size from small patrol bases or advanced operating bases to large air bases like Camp Bastion/Leatherneck in Afghanistan. Just as in the 18th and 19th centuries, since the enemy is not a powerful military force with the heavy weaponry needed to destroy a castle, bronjong walls, sandbags or even simple mud can provide protection against small arms and anti-tank weapons - nevertheless the fortress still vulnerable to mortar and artillery fire.
Forts
Fortress in modern usage often refers to the space set aside by the government for permanent military facilities; these often do not have actual forts, and can have specialties (military barracks, administration, medical facilities, or intelligence).
However, there are some modern fortresses called the fortress. This is usually a semi permanent bastion. In urban combat they are built by upgrading existing structures such as houses or public buildings. In the battlefield they often enter, sandbags or gabion type construction.
Such fortresses are usually used only in low-level conflicts, such as counter-insurgency conflicts or low-level conventional conflicts, such as the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation, which sees the use of wooden forts for use by platoon and advanced corporations. The reason is that a castle on static ground can not withstand a direct or indirect fire weapon that is bigger than mortars, RPGs and small arms.
North America
In the use of the United States, special fortifications refer to US Army bases; The US Marine Corps Base is called a camp. In Canada, the fort was used by the colonial military, the Canadian Militia, and various feather trading companies, notably the Hudson Bay Company. While many fortresses in Canada have been altered in use (including historic museums), several Canadian strongholds continue to be used by the Canadian Armed Forces, including Fort Frontenac (as the Canadian Army Staff and Command School). Citadelle of Quebec, a fortress part of the castle of Quebec City, is the largest fort in North America that is still used for military purposes.
In England North America, and further on the western border of the United States, before the 20th century, the term fortress was increasingly used for any military base regardless of how fortified it was. The military fortress of the Old West during the Indian War was often fortified by a light fence, with wooden walls or bricks. In many areas, the term fortress is used to refer to a European or US post, military, para-military or civilian, located in an undeveloped region. Many of these outposts are merely a trading post, with bulwarks and possibly additional houses, or a combination of Army trade post and post.
Prison and more
Fortresses designed to keep the inhabitants of the facility out can also be found, in prisons, concentration camps, and other facilities, with supermax having some of the strongest. It is covered in another article, as most prisons and concentration camps are not primarily military fortresses (though fortresses, camps, and city garrisons have been used as prisons and/or concentration camps, such as Theresienstadt, Guantanamo Bay detention camps and Tower London for example.
See also
- Border fence
- Castra
- Cavin
- Fortress
- Coastal Citadel
- Defense wall
- Fort Hesco
- Kuruwa, the walls of Japanese fortress
- Fortress list
- Fortress list
- Military camp
Component Fort
Fortress type and fortification
Fortress and siege battle
Famous specialist
Note
References
- This article incorporates text from publications now in the public domain: Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fortification and Siegecraft". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 10 (issue 11). Cambridge University Press. pp.Ã, 679-725.
External links
- Fortress Study Group
- Military Architecture
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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