Apollo 11 is the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both Americans, landed the Eagle month module on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first man to step into the moon's surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 2:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spend about two quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collect  £ 47.5 (21.5 kg) of moon material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins drove the command module Columbia alone in the moon's orbit while on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spend just under a day on the surface of the moon before rejoining Columbia in the lunar orbit.
Apollo 11 was launched by Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 at 09:32 EDT (13:32 UTC) and is the fifth manned mission of NASA's Apollo program. The Apollo spacecraft has three parts: a command module (CM) with cabins for three astronauts, and the only part that returns to Earth; the service module (SM), which supports the command module with driving force, electric power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that has two landing stages for landing on the Moon, and a climbing stage to put astronauts back into the lunar orbit.
After being sent to the Moon by the third stage of Saturn V, the astronauts split the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered the moon's orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved to the lunar module Eagle and landed on Sea of ​​Tranquility. They live a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar surface. The astronauts use Eagle ' to rise from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They throw
The landing is broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience. Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon and described the event as "a small step for a man, a great leap for mankind." Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled the national goal proposed in 1961 by US President John F. Kennedy: "before this decade came out, to land a man on the Moon and return him safely to Earth."
Video Apollo 11
Kerangka
Crew
The assignment of Neil Armstrong's crew as Commander Jim Lovell as a Pilot Module Command (CMP) and Buzz Aldrin as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) was officially announced on November 20, 1967. Apollo 11 is a multi-person crew of all second veterans on the American mission, the first is Apollo 10). The crew of all veterans will not be flown again until STS-26 in 1988. Lovell and Aldrin previously flew together as a Gemini 12 crew. The crew was originally assigned as a reserve for Apollo 9. Due to design and manufacturing delays in Lunar Module (LM), Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 exchanges primary and backup crew, and Armstrong's crew becomes reserve for Apollo 8. Under the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong is then expected to lead Apollo 11. There will be one change. Mike Collins in the Apollo 8 crew started having problems with his legs. Doctors diagnose the problem as bone growth between the fifth and sixth vertebrae, which require surgery. Lovell took his place in the Apollo 8 crew, and, when he recovered, Collins joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. Meanwhile, Fred Haise is filled as an LMP backup, and Aldrin as a backup CMP for Apollo 8.
Backup crew
The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander), William Anders as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell at Apollo 8. In early 1969, he accepted a job with the National Space Board effective August 1969 and announced that he would retire as an astronaut on that date. At the time Ken Mattingly was transferred from the support crew to parallel training with Anders as a backup CMP if Apollo 11 was delayed after the planned July launch, at which point Anders would not be available. Lovell, Haise, and Mattingly will eventually be assigned as Apollo 13's main crew.
Support crew
- Charlie Duke, Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM)
- Ronald Evans (CAPCOM)
- Owen K. Garriott (CAPCOM)
- Don L. Lind (CAPCOM)
- Ken Mattingly (CAPCOM)
- Bruce McCandless II (CAPCOM)
- Harrison Schmitt (CAPCOM)
- Bill Pogue
- Jack Swigert
- William Carpentier (SURGEON)
Aviation director
- Clifford E. Charlesworth (Green Team), launch and EVA
- Gerald D. Griffin (Gold Team)
- Gene Kranz (White Tim), lunar landing
- Glynn Lunney (Black Tim), lunar ascent
Call alert
After Apollo 10 crew named their spaceship Charlie Brown and Snoopy , the assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to Space Center Director George M. Low to suggest Apollo 11 the crew became less reckless in naming their skills. During the initial mission planning, the names of Snowcone and Haystack were used and included in the news release.
The Command Module is named after Colombiad, a giant "space shuttle" cannon fired by a gigantic cannon (also from Florida) in the Jules Verne novel in 1865 From Earth to the Moon . It also refers to Columbia, the personification of the United States. The Lunar Module is named Eagle for the national bird of the United States, the bald eagle, which stands out on the mission emblem.
Insignia
The Apollo 11 mission symbol was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "a peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the eagle as a symbol, placed the olive branch in its beak, and drew the background of the moon with the Earth in the distance. The sunlight in the picture came from the wrong direction; the shadow should be at the bottom of the Earth, not on the left. NASA officials felt that the eagle's claws looked too "like a war" and after some discussion, the olive branch moved into his claws. Armstrong feared that "eleven" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they left with "Apollo 11"; they decided not to put their name on the patch, so it would "be the representative of everyone who has been working towards a lunar landing". All natural colors, with blue and gold borders around patches.
When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for the reverse side. This design is also used for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar that was launched in 1979, ten years after the Apollo 11 mission.
Mementos
Neil Armstrong's personal preference kit carries a piece of wood from the propeller left of the Wright brothers 1903 and a piece of cloth from its wings, along with a diamond-encrypted diamond pin originally given to Deke Slayton by Apollo's widow crew 1. The pin is intended to be flown in Apollo 1 and given to Slayton after the mission but after the next launch pad and funeral disaster, the widows pinched Slayton and Armstrong to take it in Apollo 11.
Maps Apollo 11
Mission highlights
Launch and fly into moon orbit
In addition to crowds huddled on the highways and beaches near the launch site, millions of people watched the show on television, with NASA Public Information Head Jack King commenting. President Richard M. Nixon views the process of the White House Oval Office.
Saturn V launched Apollo 11 from Launch Pad 39A, part of the Launch Complex 39 site at Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 UTC (9: 32: 00Ã,.m. EDT local time). It enters Earth's orbit, at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) with 98.9 nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve minutes later. After one and a half of its orbit, the third stage S-IVB engine propelled the spacecraft to the lane to the Moon with a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burning at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, transposition, docking, and maneuver extraction are done: this involves separating the Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) from the rocket stage spent, reversed, and anchored with the Lunar Module still attached to the stage. After the Lunar Module is extracted, the spacecraft combine toward the Moon, while the rocket stage flies across the lane through the Moon and into orbit around the Sun.
On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its propulsion machine to enter the moon's orbit. In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views from their landing site in the southern Sea of ​​Tranquillitatis about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the Sabine D crater (0.67408N, 23.47297E). The landing site is selected in part because it has been marked as relatively flat and smooth by the Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 lander along with the Lunar Orbiter i> maps the spacecraft space and it is impossible to present the main challenges of landing or extravehicular activity (EVA).
Monthly
On July 20, 1969, the Lunar Module Eagle was separated from the Command Module Columbia . Collins, alone on the ship Columbia , checked the Eagle as he ran in front of him to make sure the aircraft was not damaged.
When the decline began, Armstrong and Aldrin found that they passed the landmark on the surface four seconds earlier and reported that they were "long"; they will land for miles to the west from their target point.
Five minutes into burning down, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the Moon's surface, LM navigation and computer guidance distract the crew with the first of several unexpected "1202" and "1201" alarm programs. Inside the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, computer technician Jack Garman told guidance counsel Steve Bales that it was safe to continue the landing, and this was forwarded to the crew. Alarm programs show "executive overflows", which means the guide computer can not complete all of its tasks in real time and should suspend some of them.
Due to errors in the checklist manual, rendezvous radar buttons are placed in the wrong position. This causes it to send the wrong signal to the computer. The result is the computer is required to perform all normal functions for landing while accepting additional load of false data that spends 15% of the time. The computer (or rather the software in it) is smart enough to recognize that it's being asked to do more tasks than it should. Then send an alarm, which means to astronauts, I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing right now and I'll just save more important tasks ; that is, what is needed for a landing... Actually, the computer is programmed to do more than just recognize the error condition. A complete set of recovery programs is incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, is to eliminate lower priority tasks and redefine the more important... If the computer does not recognize this problem and take remedial action, I doubt if Apollo 11 will be the successful landing month.
Landing
When Armstrong again searched outside, he saw that the computer landing target was in an area laden with rocks in the north and east craters 300 meters in diameter (later determined to be a Western crater, named for its location in the west) part of the planned landing ellipse. Armstrong takes the semi-automatic control and, with Aldrin summoning height and speed data, lands at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday 20 July with about 25 seconds of fuel remaining.
Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than any other mission, and the astronauts faced an early warning of low fuel. This was later discovered as a result of a larger propellant 'bursts' than expected, revealing a fuel sensor. On the next mission, additional anti slosh baffles are added to the tank to prevent this.
Along the way down, Aldrin had called the navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy driving the LM. Shortly before the landing, a light told Aldrin that at least one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes hanging from the Eagle had footprints on the surface, and he said: "Contact light!" Three seconds later, Eagle landed and Armstrong said "Shutdown." Aldrin immediately said, "Okay, stop the engine, ACA - get out of the detent." Armstrong acknowledged "Get out of detent Auto" and Aldrin continued "Mode controls - both are automatic.Descent engine command override off Engine arm-off 413 in."
Charles Duke, CAPCOM during the landing phase, admitted their landing by saying "We copied you, Eagle ."
Armstrong acknowledged the completion of Aldrin's landing post checklist with "Dead Machine Arm", before responding to the Duke with the words, "Houston, the Tranquility Base here. The Eagle landed." The change of call sign unchanged by Armstrong from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasizes the listener that landing has been completed and successful. Duke misunderstood when he expressed relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan - Tranquility, we copy you on the ground You have many people who will turn blue, we breathe again, thank you very much."
Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for EVA, Aldrin sent a radio to Earth:
This is an LM pilot. I would like to take this opportunity to ask everyone to listen, whoever and wherever they are, to pause and contemplate the event a few hours ago and thank them in their own way.
He then took communion privately. NASA is still battling a lawsuit filed by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who objected to the reading of the 8 Apollo crew of Genesis) who demanded that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in outer space. Thus, Aldrin chose not to directly mention taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin is an elder in Webster's Presbyterian Church, and his fellowship kit was prepared by a church pastor, Rev. Dean Woodruff. Aldrin describes the fellowship on the Moon and his church and priest involvement in the October 1970 issue of the Guideposts magazine and in his book Back to Earth. Webster Presbyterian has a trophy used on the Moon and commemorates that event every year on the Sunday closest to July 20th.
The mission schedule asked the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep because they had been up since early morning. However, they chose to forget their sleep and start preparations for EVA earlier, thinking that they would not be able to sleep.
Moon surface operations
The astronauts plan the placement of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package (EASEP) and the US flag by studying their landing site through the twin triangular Eagle windows, which gives them 60 field of view. Preparation takes longer than two scheduled hours. At first, Armstrong had difficulty squeezing the hold with the Portable Life Support System (PLSS). According to veteran Moon-walker John Young, LM redesign to incorporate smaller holds is not followed by PLSS backpack design, so some of the highest recorded heart rates from Apollo astronauts occur during LM exit and entry.
Some books show the timeline of the initial mission to have Buzz Aldrin than Neil Armstrong as the first man on the Moon.
At 2:39 UTC on Monday 21 July 1969, Armstrong opened the hold, and at 02:51 UTC began to descend to the lunar surface. The Remote Control Unit control on his chest made him unable to see his legs. Down the stairs of the nine steps, Armstrong pulled the D-ring to spread the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) folded into the Eagle side and activated the TV camera, and at 02:56 : 15 UTC he put his left foot on the surface. The first landing using slow-scan television is not compatible with commercial TV, so it is displayed on special monitors and conventional TV cameras viewing this monitor, significantly reducing image quality. Signals are accepted at Goldstone in the United States but with better loyalty by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station in Australia. A few minutes later, the bait was diverted to Parkes' more sensitive radio telescope in Australia. Despite some technical and weather hardships, black and white images of the first month's EVA ghosts were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth. Although these copies of the video in broadcast format are stored and widely available, footage of the original slow-source scan transmitted from the lunar surface was accidentally destroyed during routine magnetic tape reuse at NASA.
While still on the steps, Armstrong discovers a plaque mounted on the LM lineage that contains two Earth images (from the Western and Eastern Hemisphere), an inscription, and the signatures of astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription reads:
Here people from planet Earth first set foot on Moon, July 1969 A. We came to peace for all mankind.
After describing the surface dust as "very smooth" and "almost like a powder," six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong descended on the footpad and declared, "That's a small step for [ a] man, a great leap for mankind. "
Armstrong intends to say "It's a small step for a man", but the word " a " is not heard in the transmission, and therefore was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he was saying "for a man", and the next printed version of the quote included "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to berate the words "for" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video connection to Earth, partly because of a storm near the Parkes Observatory. The latest digital analysis of the recording claiming to reveal "a" may have been pronounced but obscured by static.
About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency ground sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and put it in his pocket on his right thigh. This is to ensure that there will be moon land brought back if emergency requires astronauts to leave EVA and return to LM.
Twelve minutes after the contingency samples were collected, Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface, and described the view with a simple phrase, "Extraordinary sadness."
In addition to fulfilling President Kennedy's mandate to land a man on the Moon before the late 1960s, Apollo 11 was an Apollo system engineering test; therefore, Armstrong takes LM photographs so that engineers will be able to assess their post-mining conditions. He pulled out a TV camera from MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then set it on a 68 ft (21 m) tripod from LM. Cable TV cameras remain partially rolled up and present the danger of tripping all over EVA.
Armstrong said that moving in the moon's gravity, one-sixth from Earth, "might even be easier than simulation... It's not at all a problem to walk around." Aldrin joins him on the surface and tests methods to move, including kangaroos jumping two feet. PLSS backpacks create a tendency to backtrack, but astronauts have no serious problems in maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps forward. Nice ground is very slippery. Aldrin says that moving from sunlight to the Eagle does not produce temperature changes in the jacket, even though the helmet is warmer in the sun, so he feels cooler in the shadows.
The astronauts plant a specially designed US flag on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV cameras. Some time later, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through the transmission of telephones that Nixon calls "the historicest phone calls ever made from the White House." Nixon initially had a long speech ready to read during a phone call, but Frank Borman, who was in the White House as NASA's liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words short, in honor of the lunar landing as Kennedy's legacy. Armstrong thanked the President, and gave a brief reflection on the significance of the moment:
Nixon: Hello, Neil and Buzz. I am speaking to you by phone from the Oval Office at the White House. And this must be the historicest phone call ever made. I can not say how proud we are all of what you have done. For every American, this must be the proudest day of our lives. And for people around the world, I'm sure they also join the Americans in recognizing what a great achievement is. Because of what you have done, heaven has become part of the human world. And when you speak to us from the Quiet Seas, it inspires us to multiply our efforts to bring peace and serenity to Earth. For one invaluable moment in all human history, everyone on Earth is truly one: one in their pride for what you have done, and one in our prayer that you will return safely to Earth.
Armstrong: Thank you, Mr. President. It is a great honor and honor for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but the peaceful people of all nations, and with interest and curiosity, and people with a vision for the future. It is an honor for us to be able to participate here today.
MESA failed to provide a stable and in shadow work platform, slowing down work. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up the gray dust that littered the outside of their clothing, the integrated thermal meteoroid clothing.
They deploy EASEP, which includes passive seismographs and Lunar Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR). Then Armstrong walked 196 feet (60 m) from LM to take a photo on the edge of Little West Crater while Aldrin collected two core tubes. He used a geological hammer to pound the tube - the only time a hammer was used on Apollo 11. The astronauts then collected rock samples using spoons and tongs on the extension handle. Many surface activities take longer than expected, so they should stop documenting a sample collection in the middle for the 34 minutes provided.
Three new minerals are found in rock samples collected by astronauts: armalcolite, tranquillityite, and pyroxferroite. Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins.
During this period, Mission Control used a code phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rate was high and he had to slow down. He moves quickly from task to task as time passes. However, since the metabolic rate is generally lower than expected for both astronauts during the walk, Mission Control provides a 15 minute extension to the astronaut. In a 2010 interview, Armstrong, who has walked a maximum of 196 feet (60 m) from LM, explained that NASA limited the time and distance of the first moonwalk because there is no empirical evidence about how much cooling water will be carried by the PLSS backpack astronauts consume to handle heat their bodies while working on the Moon.
Moon ascent and return
Aldrin entered first Eagle . With hard-earned astronauts lifted the film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms (47.5 lb) of moon surface material to LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called Lunar Equipment Conveyor. Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of warning items in his pocket, and Aldrin threw the bag down; Armstrong then jumps to the third ladder and climbs to LM. After transferring to LM's live support, explorers alleviate the climbing stages to return to the moon's orbit by dumping their PLSS backpacks, month overshoes, a Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. They then press LM and sit down to sleep.
President Nixon's speechwriter William Safire has prepared In the Disaster Event of the Moon for the President to be read on television when Apollo 11 astronauts are stranded on the Moon. The emergency plan started with a memo from Safire to White House Chief of Staff Nixon H. R. Haldeman, where Safire proposed a protocol that the government might follow in response to such a disaster. According to plan, Mission Control will "close the communication" with LM, and a minister will "praise their souls to the deepest depth" in public rituals equated with burials at sea. The last line of prepared text contains satire of the poem of First World War Rupert Brooke, "The Soldier". The plan includes a presidential phone call to the astronaut's wife.
While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin inadvertently damages the circuit breaker that will arm the main engine to take off from the Moon. There are fears that this will prevent turning on the engine, wiping them out on the Moon. Fortunately, felt-tip pen is enough to activate the switch. If this does not work, the Lunar Module circuit can be reconfigured to allow starting up the climbing machine.
After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the flight back. Two and a half hours later, at 17.54 UTC, they were picked up on the stage climb to rejoin Collins on board the Columbia ship in the orbital moon.
After more than 21 ½ hours total on the lunar surface, they have abandoned scientific instruments that include a retoreflector array used for Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment and Passive Seismic Experiment Package used to measure full moon. They also abandoned the Apollo 1 mission patch, and the memorial bag contains a golden replica of the olive branch as a symbol of peace and traditional silicone message plates. The disc brings goodwill claims by President Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon and messages from leaders from 73 countries around the world. The disc also contains a list of US Congressional leaders, a list of members of the four House and Senate committees in charge of NASA laws, and the names of NASA's top management in the past and present. (In his 1989 book Men of Earth, Aldrin says items include Soviet medals commemorating Cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin.) Also, according to Deke Slayton Moonshot , Armstrong brings an astronaut-encrusted pin special from Slayton.
Films taken from LM Ascent Stage on take off from the Moon unveil the American flag, planted about 25 feet (8 m) from the descending stage, whipping loudly in the exhaust of the climbing stage machine. Aldrin looked up in time to watch the flag collapse: "The climbing stage of the LM is separate... I'm concentrating on computers, and Neil is studying attitude indicators, but I look long enough to see the flag fall." Apollo's next mission usually planted an American flag at least 100 feet (30 m) from LM to prevent them from being blown by the climbing engine exhaust.
After the meeting with Columbia, the climbing stage was removed into lunar orbit on July 21, 1969, at 23:41 UTC. Just before the Apollo 12 flight, it was noted that Hawk still tends to orbit the Moon. Then the NASA report says that the Eagle is orbiting, thus impacting the "uncertain location" on the lunar surface. The location is uncertain because the climbing stage of Eagle is not traced after it is removed, and the moon's gravity field is quite uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time. NASA estimates its orbit has decayed in a few months and will impact on the Moon.
On July 23, the last night before the splashdown, three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented:
... The Saturn V rocket that puts us in orbit is a very complicated machine part, every part works perfectly... We are always confident that this equipment will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of some people... What you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface there are thousands and thousands more, and for all that, I will want to say, "Thank you very much. "
Aldrin added:
It's been more than three people on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of government and industry teams; even more than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this is a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all humanity to explore the unknown... Personally, in reflecting on the events of the last few days, a verse of the Psalms comes to mind. "When I think of the heavens, the work of your finger, the Moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained: What man do Thou think of him?"
Armstrong menyimpulkan:
The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the science giants who have preceded this effort; then with the Americans, who have, through their will, demonstrated their desires; then with their four administrations and their Congress, to implement the will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, Saturn, Columbia, Eagles, and small EMUs, our space suits and backpacks that spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to express special thanks to all the Americans who built the spacecraft; who does the construction, design, tests, and puts their hearts and all their skills into the craft. To those people tonight, we give special thanks, and to all the other people who listen and watch tonight, God bless you. Good evening from Apollo 11.
On returning to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication in the last segment of Earth back. Regular repairs were not possible at the time available but station director Charles Force sent his ten-year-old son Greg using his small hand to get into the housing and pack it with oil. Greg was later given a thank-you by Armstrong.
Splashdown and quarantine
On July 24th, astronauts returned home above the Columbia Command Module just prior to the dawn of local time (16:51 UTC) on the 13Ã, Â ° 19? N 169Ã, Â ° 9? W , in the Pacific Ocean 2,660 km (1,440 m) east of Wake Island, 380 km (210 m) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 m) from ship recovery, USS Hornet . It's near the village of Vatia in American Samoa. The flag of American Samoa brought to the moon by Apollo 11 is on display at the Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago Pago, the territorial capital of American Samoa.
At 16:44 UTC the drogue parachute was deployed and seven minutes later the Command Module attacked the water by force. During the splashdown, the Command Module landed upside down but was corrected within 10 minutes by flotation bags triggered by the astronauts. "Everything's fine, our checklist is complete.Waiting for the swimmers", is Armstrong's last official transmission from Columbia . A diver from a Navy helicopter hovered over installing the sea anchor into the Command Module to prevent it from drifting. The additional divers installs a flotation collar to stabilize the module and put the raft for astronaut extraction. Although the chances of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface are considered far away, it is considered a possibility and NASA is taking substantial precautions at the recovery site. Divers provide astronauts with Biological Isolation Garments (BIGs) used until they reach an isolation facility above Hornet . In addition, the astronauts were rubbed with sodium hypochlorite solution and the Command Module was removed with Betadine to remove any possible mud dust. Rafts containing decontamination material are then deliberately submerged.
A second Sea King helicopter - "Helicopter 66" - lifts the astronauts up one by one, where a NASA flight surgeon gives each a brief physical inspection during a 0.5 nautical (930 m) trip back to Hornet .
After landing in the Hornet, astronauts came out of helicopters, leaving flight surgeons and three crew members. The helicopter was then relegated to the # 2 hangar bay where astronauts walked 30 feet (9.1 m) to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) where they will begin the earth-based part of their 21-day quarantine. This practice will continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14, before the Moon proves to be barren of life and the quarantine process falls.
President Richard Nixon was on the Hornet ship to personally welcome the astronauts back to Earth. He told the astronauts, "As a result of what you have done, the world has never been closer before." After Nixon left, Hornet was brought along with a five-ton Command Module where it was placed aboard by a ship's crane, placed on a doll and moved next to the MQF. The Hornet sailed to Pearl Harbor where Columbia and the MQF was flown to the Manned Space Shuttle Center.
In accordance with the Extracurricular Terrestrial Exposure Law, a set of regulations disseminated by NASA on July 16 to codify quarantine protocols, astronauts continue quarantine due to fears that the Moon may contain undetected pathogens and that astronauts may have been exposed to them during their Moon trip. However, after three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer at the Hornet, and finally at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health. On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Contamination Reunited met in Atlanta and raised the quarantine to astronauts, to those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physicist William Carpentier and MQF project engineer John Hirasaki), and at Columbia own. The loose equipment from the spacecraft will remain in isolation until the moon sample is released for study.
Celebration
On August 13, they rode a parade to honor them in New York, Chicago and Los Angeles. On the same night in Los Angeles there was an official State Dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, Chairman of the United States Judge, and ambassador of 83 countries at Century Plaza Hotel. President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew honor each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This celebration is the start of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour that brings astronauts to 25 foreign countries and includes visits with leading leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of England. Many countries honor the first manned Moon landings with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 stamps or coinage stamps.
On September 16, 1969, three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill. They presented two US flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, which had been brought to the surface of the Moon with them.
Moon Racing
The Soviet Union has been competing with the United States in the landing of a man on the Moon but has been hampered by repeated failures in the development of a launcher comparable to Saturn V. Meanwhile, they are trying to defeat the US to return moon matter to Earth by unmanned probe means. On July 13, three days before the launch of Apollo 11, they launched Luna 15, which reached the lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During the descent, the damage caused Luna 15 to crash at Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to begin the journey go home. The radio telescope The Jodrell Bank Observatory in England was later found to have recorded the transmission from Luna 15 as it descended, and this was published in July 2009 on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.
Legacy
The location of the spacecraft
The Columbia Command Module is displayed at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM), Washington, DC It is at the center of Flight Aviation in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with the vehicle other pioneering flights such as Wright Flyer, Spirit of St. Louis, Bell X-1, X-15 North America, Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7 , and Gemini 4. Armstrong's and Aldrin clothing spaces are displayed in the museum Apollo to the Moon exhibit. Quarantine trailers, flotation collars, and straightening balls are displayed at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Smithsonian pavilion near Washington Dulles International Airport in Chantilly, Virginia.
In 2009, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) imaged various Apollo landing sites on the Moon's surface, for the first time with enough resolution to see the declining stages of moon modules, scientific instruments, and footprints made by astronauts.
In March 2012, a team of specialists financed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos invented the F-1 engine that launched Apollo 11 into space. Machines are found beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean through the use of advanced sonar scanning. His team brought part of two of the five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator found a serial number under rust on one of the engines lifted from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed from the Apollo 11 launch.
Columbia was moved in 2017 to the Mary Baker Engen Cure Recovery at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, to prepare for a four-city tour entitled Destination Moon: Mission of Apollo 11 < i>. It will include Space Center Houston (October 14, 2017 to March 18, 2018), the Saint Louis Science Center (April 14 - September 3, 2018), Senator's History Center John Heinz in Pittsburgh (September 29, 2018 to February 18, 2019) of Flight (March 16 - September 2, 2019).
40 year anniversary event
On July 15, 2009, Life.com released a photo gallery of previously unpublished astronaut photos taken by Ralph Morse's life photographer Ralph Morse before the Apollo 11 launch. From July 16 to 24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio in site in real time 40 years to minutes after the event occurred. In addition, he is in the process of returning video footage and has released a preview of important moments. In July 2010, air-to-ground sound recordings and movie footage recorded on Mission Control during the landing and landings of Apollo 11 were synced and released for the first time. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum create a Flash website that re-broadcasts the Apollo 11 transmission from launch to landing on the Moon.
On July 20, 2009, Armstrong's crew, Aldrin, and Collins met with US President Barack Obama at the White House. "We expect that there is, as we speak, other generations of children out there who look to the sky and will become the next Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin," Obama said. "We want to make sure that NASA will be there for them when they want to take their trip." On August 7, 2009, Congressional acts awarded three astronauts of the Gold Medal of Congress, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator Bill Nelson and Florida Rep. Alan Grayson.
A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary event is reflected in the significance of the landing on the Moon:
This is done in a technically brilliant way with the risks taken... which would be unimaginable in today's risk-averse world... The Apollo program is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind for now... nothing since Apollo has came close to the excitement generated by astronauts - Armstrong, Aldrin and 10 others who followed them.
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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