Alcohol by volume

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Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as ABV , abv , or alc/vol ) is a standard measure of how much alcohol ( ethanol) contained in a certain volume of alcoholic beverages (expressed as volume percent). This is defined as the number of milliliters (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100 mL of solution at 20 Ãƒ, Ã‚ Â° C (68Ãƒ, Ã‚ Â° F). The number of milliliters of pure ethanol is the ethanol mass divided by its density at 20 Â° C, ie 0.78924 g/mL. The ABV standard is used worldwide. The International Organization of Legal Metrology has a density table of water-ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures.

In some countries, for example, France, volume-based alcohols are often referred to as Gay-Lussac degrees (after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac), although there is little difference since Gay-Lussac conventions use the value of the International Standard Atmosphere for temperature, 15 Ã‚ Â° C (59 Ã‚ Â° F).

Video Alcohol by volume

Volume change

Mixing two alcohol solutions with different strengths usually causes volume changes. Mixing pure water with a solution of less than 24% mass leads to a slight increase in total volume, while mixing two solutions above 24% causes a decrease in volume. The phenomenon of volume change due to mixing of different solutions is called "partial molar volume". Water and ethanol are both polar solvents. When water is added to ethanol, smaller water molecules are attracted to the hydroxyl group of ethanol, and each molecule changes the other plane of polarity. The attraction allows a closer distance between molecules than is usually found in a non-polar mixture. \

Thus, ABV is not equal to the volume fraction expressed as a percentage. The volume fraction, which is widely used in chemistry. defined as the volume of a given component divided by the sum of all components in the mix when they are measured separately. To make a 50% v/v ethanol solution, for example, you would measure 50 mL of ethanol and separately measure 50 mL of water, then mix both. The volume of the resulting solution is unlikely to measure 100 mL due to volume changes in the mixing.

Maps Alcohol by volume

Typical level

Details about the typical amount of alcohol contained in the various beverages can be found in articles about them.

Maker's Mark Whiskey with its original 45% alcohol by volume (90 ...

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Evidence of alcohol

Another way to determine the amount of alcohol is proof of alcohol, which in the United States is twice the amount of alcohol per volume, while in the UK it is 1.75 times the amount (expressed as a percentage). For example, 40% abv is 80 proofs in the US and 70 proofs in the UK. However, since 1980, evidence of alcohol in Britain has been replaced by abv as a measure of alcohol content.

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Alcohol by weight

In the United States, some countries organize and collect taxes on alcoholic beverages by alcohol by weight (ABW) , expressed as a percentage of the total mass. Some brewers print ABW (rather than ABV) on beer packaging, especially on low-point versions of popular domestic brewers.

One can use the following equation to convert between ABV and ABW:

{\ displaystyle ABV \ times 0.78924 = ABW \ times {\ text {density beverage at 20 C in g/mL}}}

At relatively low ABV, the percentage of alcohol by weight is about 4/5 of ABV (for example, 3.2% ABW is about 4% ABV). However, due to the miscibility of alcohol and water, the conversion factor is not constant but more dependent on the concentration of alcohol. 100% ABW equivalent to 100% ABV.

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Predicted alcohol content

During the production of wine and beer, yeast is added to the sweet solution. During fermentation, yeast consumes sugar and produces alcohol. The density of sugar in water is greater than the density of alcohol in water. A hydrometer is used to measure changes in the specific gravity (SG) of the solution before and after fermentation. The volume of alcohol in the solution can then be estimated. There are a number of empirical formulas made by brewers and wine makers to estimate the alcohol content of the created liquor.

Wine

The simplest method for wine has been explained by the English author C.J.J. Berry:

${\ displaystyle ABV = (\ mathrm {Final ~ SG})/7.36}$

Beer

Calculations for beer are:

${\ displaystyle ABV = 133,62 \ times \ left (\ mathrm {Starting ~ SG} - \ mathrm {Final ~ SG} \ right)}$

However, many brewers use the following formula that uses different constants (different possibilities due to variations in temperature and rounding):

${\ displaystyle ABV = 131,25 \ left (\ mathrm {Starting ~ SG} - \ mathrm {Final ~ SG} \ right)}$

1.05 is the ethanol molecular ratio produced for each produced CO ₂ molecule (46.07 g/mol C2H6O/44.01 g/mol CO2 = 1.0468) from one molecule glucose. The number 0.7936 is the specific gravity of the 100% ethanol solution. . Both are unitless measurements. The difference between the initial SG and late SG measures the specific gravity lost for the release of CO ₂.

For higher ABVs above 6% many brewers use this formula:

${\ displaystyle ABV = {\ frac {1.05} {0.79}} \ left {{\ frac {\ mathrm {Starting ~ SG} - \ mathrm {Final ~ SG}} {\ mathrm {Final ~ SG}}} \ right) \ times 100}$

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References

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Bibliography

Maker's Mark cutting alcohol volume in its bourbon â€

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External links

"How do brewers measure alcohol in beer?". HowStuffWorks . December 12, 2000.
Jayes, Wayne. "Strength and Density of Alcohol". sugartech.co.za . The Sugar Engineers.

Source of the article : Wikipedia

Alcohol by volume

Jumat, 01 Juni 2018