Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and many animals. Urine flows from the kidney through the ureter to the bladder. Urinating causes urine to be released from the body through the urethra.
Cellular metabolism produces many nitrogen-rich byproducts and must be cleared of the bloodstream, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. This byproduct is removed from the body during urination, which is the main method for removing water-soluble chemicals from the body. Urinalysis can detect nitrogenous waste from mammalian bodies.
Urine plays a role in the Earth's nitrogen cycle. In a balanced ecosystem, urine fertilizes the soil and thereby helps the plant grow. Therefore, urine can be used as fertilizer. Some animals use it to mark their territory. Historically, urine is also used for the production of gunpowder, cleaning, tannery and textile dyeing.
Urine and human waste are collectively referred to as human waste or human waste, and managed by a sanitation system. Feces and livestock manure also require good management if the density of livestock populations is high.
Video Urine
Physiology
Most animals have excretion systems to eliminate toxic soluble wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted mainly by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea, are removed by sweat. The urinary system consists of kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra. The system produces urine through a process of filtering, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The kidneys extract dissolved waste from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugar, and various other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidney through the ureters, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body.
Duration
Studies looking at the duration of urination in various mammal species found that nine larger species were urinated for 21 Ã, Â ± 13 seconds irrespective of body size. Smaller species include rodents and bats can not produce jets and instead urinate with a series of drops.
Maps Urine
Characteristics
Amount
The average urine production in adult humans is about 1.4 liters of urine per person per day with a normal range of 0.6 to 2.6 L per person per day, which results in about 6 to 8 urination per day depending on the state hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and individual health. Producing too much or too little urine requires medical attention. Polyuria is an excessive urine production condition (& gt; 2.5 L/day), oliguria when & lt; 400 mL produced, and anuria one & lt; 100 mL per day.
Constituents
Approximately 91-96% of urine consists of water. Urine also contains a variety of inorganic salts and organic compounds, including proteins, hormones, and various metabolites, varying according to what is incorporated into the body.
Total solids in urine averaged 59 g per person per day. The organic material forms between 65% and 85% dry urine solids, with volatile solids comprising 75-85% total solids. Urea is the largest constituent of solids, which is more than 50% of the total. At elemental level, human urine contains 6.87 g/L carbon, 8.12 g/L of nitrogen, 8.25 g/L of oxygen, and 1.51 g/L of hydrogen. Appropriate proportions vary with individuals and with factors such as diet and health. In healthy people, urine contains little protein; The excess is suggestive of the disease.
Color
Urine varies in appearance, especially depending on the hydration level of the body, as well as other factors. Normal urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber but usually pale yellow. In a healthy individual urine the color is primarily derived from the presence of urobilin. Urobilin is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin during the destruction of aging blood cells.
The colorless urine indicates overhydration, generally better than dehydration (although it can remove important salts from the body). Colorless urine in a drug test can suggest efforts to avoid detection of illegal drugs in the bloodstream through overhydration.
- Dark yellow urine often signifies dehydration.
- Yellow yellow/light can be caused by excessive removal of vitamin B from the bloodstream.
- Certain drugs such as rifampicin and phenazopyridine can cause orange urine.
- Bloody urine is called hematuria, a symptom of various medical conditions.
- Orange until dark brown can be a symptom of jaundice, rhabdomyolysis, or Gilbert's syndrome.
- Black or dark urine is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by melanoma or non-melanin acute intermittent porphyria.
- Reddish-colored urine can occur due to bit consumption.
- Greenish urine can result from asparagus or food or drink consumption with green dyes.
- Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria (not to be confused with pink or harmless redness caused by beeturia).
- Blue urine can be caused by methylene blue consumption (for example, in medicine) or food or drink with blue dye.
- Blue urine stains can be caused by blue diaper syndrome.
- Purple urine may be caused by purple bladder syndrome.
Smell
The normal human urine smell can reflect what has been consumed or certain diseases. For example, an individual with diabetes mellitus may present a sweetened urine odor. This can be due to kidney disease as well, like kidney stones.
Eating asparagus can cause a strong odor that is reminiscent of vegetables caused by asparagus acid damage to the body. Similarly, consumption of saffron, alcohol, coffee, tuna, and onions can produce a signature scent. Spicy special foods can have the same effect, because their compounds pass through the kidneys without being completely damaged before getting out of the body.
Turbidity
Cloudy urine may be a symptom of a bacterial infection, but may also be caused by salt crystallisation such as calcium phosphate.
pH
PH is usually in the range of 5.5 to 7 with an average of 6.2. In people with hyperuricosuria, acid urine may contribute to the formation of uric acid stones in the kidney, ureter, or bladder. The urine PH can be monitored by a doctor or at home.
Diets high in protein from meat and milk, as well as alcohol consumption can reduce urine pH, while potassium and organic acids such as from a diet high in fruits and vegetables can increase the pH and make it more alkaline. Some medications may also increase urine pH, including acetazolamide, potassium citrate, and sodium bicarbonate.
Cranberry fruit, which is popular for lowering urinary pH, has actually been shown to not acidify urine. Drugs that can lower urinary pH include ammonium chloride, diuretic chlorothiazide, and methenamine mandelate.
Density
Human urine has a specific gravity of 1,003-1,035. Any irregularities may be associated with urinary disorders.
Dangers
Healthy urine is non-toxic. However, it contains compounds that are removed by the body as undesirable, and can cause irritation to the skin and eyes. After a suitable process it is possible to extract drinking water from the urine.
Possible pathogens in urine
It is generally believed that the urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where the epithelial cells lining the urethra are colonized by a negative Gram stem and anaerobic facultative cocci. Current research shows that urine is not sterile, even in the bladder. Regardless, after elimination from the body, urine can obtain a strong odor due to bacterial action, and in particular the release of ammonia from the breakdown of urea.
Medical examination
Many doctors in ancient history were compelled to examine and examine their patients' urine. Hermogenes writes about the colors and other urine attributes as indicators of certain diseases. Abdul Malik Ibn Habib of Andalusia d.862 AD, mentioned many reports of urine examination throughout the Umayyad empire. Diabetes melitus gets its name because its urine is plentiful and sweet. The name uroscopy refers to a visual urine examination, including microscopy, although it often refers to a pre-scientific or protoscientific urine examination mentioned earlier. Current clinical urine tests should record the dirty color, turbidity, and urine odor but also include urinalysis, which chemically analyzes urine and quantifies its constituents. Urine culture is done when urinary tract infection is suspected, because bacteria in urine are not unusual. Urine microscopic examination may help to identify organic or inorganic substrates and assist in diagnosis.
The color and volume of urine can be a reliable indicator of hydration level. Clear, plentiful urine is usually an adequate sign of hydration. Dark urine is a sign of dehydration. Exceptions occur when diuretics or excessive quantities of alcohol or caffeine are consumed, in which case the urine may become clear and excessive and the person is still dehydrated.
Usage
Drug sources
Urine contains proteins and other substances useful for medical therapy and is an ingredient in many prescription drugs (eg, Ureacin, Urecholine, Urowave). Urine from postmenopausal women rich in gonadotropins that can produce follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone for fertility therapy. One such commercial product is Pergonal.
Urine from pregnant women contains quite a lot of human chorionic gonadotropins for commercial extraction and purification to produce hCG drugs. Urine mare pregnancy is a source of estrogen, namely Premarin. Urine also contains antibodies, which can be used in diagnostic antibody tests for a variety of pathogens, including HIV-1.
Fertilizer
Urine contains large amounts of nitrogen (mostly as urea), as well as the amount of dissolved potassium in a reasonable amount. The exact nutritional composition in the urine varies with diet, especially the nitrogen content in urine associated with the quantity of protein in the diet. High-protein diets produce high levels of urea in the urine.
Urine is very high in nitrogen (can be more than 10% in high protein diet), low phosphorus (1%), and moderate in potassium (2-3%). Urine usually contains 70% nitrogen and more than half the potassium found in urban wastewater streams, while contributing less than 1% of the overall volume. If urine has to be separated and collected for use as a fertilizer on agriculture, the easiest method to do this is by a waterless sanitation system, dry urine-dry toilets (UDDTs) or urine transfer flushing toilets.
Chemically dissolved urine can burn the leaves or roots of some plants, especially if soil moisture levels are low. For this reason, urine fertilizer is usually used diluted with water.
When diluted with water (at a ratio of 1: 5 for annual crops grown in containers with fresh growing media each season or a 1: 8 ratio for more general use), it can be applied directly to soil as fertilizer. The effects of urine fertilization have been found to be comparable to commercial nitrogen fertilizers. Heavy metal concentrations such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, are commonly found in sewage sludge, much lower in urine.
Urine can also be used safely as a source of complementary nitrogen in carbon-rich compost. The risk of using urine as a natural source of agricultural fertilizer is generally considered to be negligible or acceptable.
Clean
Because urine urea decomposes into ammonia, urine has been used to clear the properties of ammonia in it. In pre-industrial times urine is used - in the form of lant or urine that is old - as a cleaning fluid. Urine is also used to whiten teeth in Ancient Rome.
Powdered powder
Urine is used before the chemical industry development in the manufacture of gunpowder. Urine, a nitrogen source, is used to moisten straw or other organic materials, which are kept moist and left to rot for several months to over a year. The resulting salt is washed from the pile with water, which is evaporated to allow the collection of raw saltpeter crystals, which are usually refined prior to use in the manufacture of gunpowder.
Survival using
The US Army Field Manual suggested against drinking urine for survival. This guide explains that drinking urine tends to worsen rather than eliminate dehydration because of salt in it, and that urine should not be consumed in a survival situation, even when no other fluids are available. In situations of hot weather survival where other water sources are not available, soaking the cloth (eg shirt) in the urine and putting it on the head can help cool the body.
During World War I Germany experimented with various toxic gases for use during the war. After the first German chlorine gas attack, Allied forces were given cotton masks that had been soaked in urine. It is believed that the ammonia in the pad is neutralized by chlorine. This bearing is held over the face until soldiers can escape from toxic fumes, although it is now known that chlorine gas reacts with urine to produce toxic fumes ( see chlorine and use of toxic gases in World War I) . The Vickers machine gun, used by the British Army during World War I, required water for cooling when shot so soldiers would use urine if water was not available.
Urban legend states that urine works well against jellyfish stings. This scenario has appeared many times in popular culture including on The One With the Jellyfish "episodes of Friends , early episodes of Survivor , as well as his movies The Real Cancun (2003), The Heartbreak Kid (2007) and The Paperboy (2012). However, at least it is not effective, and in some cases this treatment can make the injury worse.
Tanning
Tanners soak the animal skin in the urine to remove hair fibers - the steps needed in skin preparation.
Textiles
Urine is often used as a mordant to help prepare textiles, especially wool, to dye. In the Scottish Highlands and Hebrides, the "waulking" wool (fulling) wool process is preceded by immersion in urine, preferably infantile.
Commercial collection
Systematic collection and sale of urine can be useful in some contexts. In the urinary transfer system, the toilet diverts urine from the disposal path that it should have taken; instead, it is flowed to the container for collection. Such businesses exist in some places where large waste disposal systems are not.
History
Ancient Rome used fermented human urine (in lant form) to remove fatty stains from clothing. Emperor Nero instituted tax (Latin: vantigal urinae ) on the urine industry, followed by his successor, Vespasian. The Latin word Pecunia non olet (money odorless) is associated with Vespasian - it is said that he has avenged a complaint from his son about the unpleasant nature of the tax. The name Vespasian still adheres to public urinal in France ( vespasiennes ), Italian ( vespasiani ), and Romanian ( vespasiene ).
Alchemists spent a lot of time trying to extract gold from urine, which led to the discovery of such white phosphorus by the German alchemist Hennig Brand when distillation of urine fermentation in 1669. In 1773 the French chemist Hilaire Rouelle discovered urea organic compounds by boiling dry urine.
Society and culture
Language
The English word urine ( , ) comes from the Latin urina ( -ae , f .), which is cognate with ancient words in various Indo-European languages ​​involving water, fluids, diving, rain, and urination. The term onomatopoetic "urine" is the usual word for urination before the 14th century, along with the ancient term land of Old English hland , which now only survive as lant (referring to the old urine/fermented specifically). "Urination" was initially used mostly in a medical context. "Urine" continues to be used, but is considered vulgar; it is also used in everyday language such as "nagging" and "poor urine", and the expression of slang "pee" means "heavy rain". Euphemisms and expressions used between parents and children (such as "wee", "urine", and many others) have long existed.
See also
- Drinking urine (urophagia)
- Ureotelik
- Urine therapy
- Urolagnia, pull urine
References
External links
- Urinealysis at the University of Utah Eccles Library of Health Sciences
- Urine Chemistry at drugs.com
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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