US involvement in regime change has involved overt and closed acts aimed at altering, altering, or preserving foreign governments. In the second half of the 19th century, the US government carried out regime change actions mainly in Latin America and the southwest Pacific, and included Mexican-American, Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars. At the beginning of the 20th century the United States established or installed friendly governments in many countries including Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.
In the aftermath of World War II, the US government expanded the geographical scope of its regime change measures, as it struggled with the Soviet Union for global leadership and influence in the context of the Cold War. Key operations include the 1953 Iranian coup that was initiated by the United States and Great Britain, the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion targeting Cuba, and support for the Argentine Gross War, alongside the traditional American, Central American and Caribbean regional operations.. In addition, the United States has intervened in national elections in many countries, including in Japan in the 1950s and 1960s to keep its center-right Liberal Democrats elected by secret funds, in the Philippines to organize Ramon Magsaysay's campaign for president in the year 1953, and in Lebanon to assist Christian parties in the 1957 election using a secret cash infusion. The US has executed at least 81 clear and confidential interventions in foreign elections during the period 1946-2000.
Also after World War II, the United States in 1945 ratified the Charter of the United Nations, a leading international legal document, legally binding on the US government under the terms of the Charter, including Article 2 (4), which prohibits the threat or use of force in the international world. relations, except in very limited circumstances. Therefore, any advanced legal claim to justify regime change by foreign forces carries a very heavy burden.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the United States has led or supported the war to determine the governance of a number of countries. US goals expressed in these conflicts include fighting the War on Terror as in the 2001 Afghan war, or removing dictatorial and hostile regimes in the 2003 Iraq War and 2011 military intervention in Libya.
Video United States involvement in regime change
intervensi abad ke-19
1846: Perang AS-Meksiko
The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 after the Texas annexation of 1845, which Mexico regarded as part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution.
American troops occupy New Mexico and California, then invade parts of northeastern Mexico and Northwest Mexico; Other American troops captured Mexico City, and the war ended in victory for the United States. The Guadalupe Hidalgo Agreement specifies the main consequences of war: Mexico's forced cession in the Alta region of California and New Mexico to the US in exchange for $ 18 million. In addition, the United States forgave the debts owed by the Mexican government to US citizens. Mexico received the loss of Texas and then called the Rio Grande as its national border. The war did not result in regime change in Mexico.
1887-1889: Samoa
The Samoa crisis was a confrontation between the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom from 1887-1889, with powers supporting rival claimants to the throne of the Samoan Islands during the Samoan Civil War. The Second Civil War of Samoa followed in 1898, involving the United States (which supported the ruling king) and Germany, which ultimately resulted, through the Tripartite Convention of 1899, in the partition of the Samoan Islands to American Samoa and the German Samoa.
Maps United States involvement in regime change
1893-1917: Empire and US expansionism
1890
1893: The Kingdom of Hawaii
Anti-monarchy elements, most Americans, in Hawaii, are inventing the overthrow of the Hawaiian Empire. On January 17, 1893, the indigenous king, Queen Lili'uokalani, was overthrown. Hawaii was originally rebuilt as an independent republic, but the ultimate goal of the act was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which was finally completed in 1898.
1898: Cuba and Puerto Rico
As part of the Spanish-American War, the United States attacked and occupied Cuba and Puerto Rico controlled by Spain in 1898. Cuba was occupied by the United States from 1898-1902 under military governor Leonard Wood, and again from 1906-1909, 1912 and 1917 -1922 ; governed by the provisions of the Platt Amendment until 1934.
The Puerto Rican Campaign is an American military and land military operation on the island of Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War. The United States Navy attacked the colonial capital of the archipelago, San Juan. Although the damage in the city was minimal, the Americans were able to establish a blockade in the city port of San Juan Bay. The ground attack began on 25 July with 1,300 infantry soldiers. All military action in Puerto Rico was suspended on August 13, after US President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed a ceasefire in which Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territory of Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines. and Guam.
1899: Philippines
The Philippine-American War is part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence against US occupation. Fighting broke out between the US and Philippine revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly expanded into the Battle of Manila 1899. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic formally declared war on the United States. The war officially ended on July 4, 1902. This US intervention was intended to prevent regime change, and retain US control over the Philippines.
1898-1901: China
The Boxer Rebellion was a proto-nationalist movement in China between 1898 and 1901, so called because it was led by fighters who called themselves the Straight and Harmonious Boxing States. The United States is part of the Eight Nations Alliance which brings 20,000 armed troops to China, defeats the Chinese Imperial Army, and seizes Beijing. The Eight Nations Alliance is a military coalition formed to defeat the insurgency, and eight countries, besides the US, are Japan, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. Boxer Protocol September 7, 1901 put an end to rebellion. This intervention did not result in regime change in China.
1900s
1903: Panama
In 1903, the US helped secession from Panama from the Republic of Colombia. This separation was engineered by the Panama faction backed by the Panama Canal Company, a French-US company whose goal is to build a waterway across the Panama islands that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1903, the US signed the Hay-HerrÃÆ'¡n Agreement with Colombia, granting the United States the use of the Panama Islands in exchange for financial compensation. in the midst of the Thousand Days War. The Panama Canal is already under construction, and the Panama Canal Zone is carved and placed under United States sovereignty. The US does not transfer the zone back to Panama until 2000.
1900s-1920s: Honduras
In what is known as the "Banana War," between the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the start of a Good Neighbor Policy in 1934, the US launched many military invasions and interventions in Central America and the Caribbean. The United States Marine Corps, most often at war, developed a manual called the Strategy and Small War Tactics (1921) based on his experience. Sometimes, the Navy provides firing support and Army troops are also used. The United Fruit Company and Standard Fruit Company dominate the key export sector of Honduran bananas and related land and railway ownership. The United States launched an invasion and assault by US forces in 1903 (supporting a coup by Manuel Bonilla), 1907 (supporting Bonilla against the Nicaraguan-backed coup), 1911 and 1912 (defending Miguel R. Davila's regime of insurrection), 1919 (Peacekeepers during the civil war , and installing the interim government of Francisco BogrÃÆ'¡n), 1920 ((defending the BogrÃÆ'¡n regime of general strikes), 1924 (defending the Rafael LÃÆ'³pez Gutià © rrez regime of the insurgency) and 1925 (defending the elevated government of Miguel Paz Barahona) to defend US interests Author W O. Henry coined the term "Banana republic" in 1904 to describe Honduras.
1910s
1912-1933: Nicaragua
The US government invaded Nicaragua in 1912 after a US military landing and naval bombing in the previous decades. The US provides political support to conservative-led forces who rebelled against President Josà © à © Santos Zelaya, a liberal. US motives include disagreements with the proposed Nicaragua Channel, as the US controls the Panama Canal, which includes the Panama Canal, and President Zelaya's efforts to regulate access by foreigners to Nicaraguan's natural resources. On November 17, 1909, two Americans were executed on the orders of Zelaya after the two men claimed to have laid a mine on the San Juan River in order to blow up Diamante. The US justifies the intervention by claiming to protect US life and property. Zelaya resigned later that year. The US occupied the country almost continuously from 1912 to 1933.
1914: Mexico
US forces attacked Veracruz in Mexico in 1914 following the Tampico Incident. The US occupied the city for six months.
1915-1934: Haiti
The US occupied Haiti from 1915-1934. US banks have lent money to Haiti and called for US government intervention. The US installed a new government in 1917 and dictated the provisions of Haiti's new constitution in 1917 that instituted changes that included an end to the previous ban on non-Haitian land ownership. Cacos (military group) was originally an armed militia from previously enslaved people who rebelled and controlled the mountainous area after the Haitian Revolution in 1804. The groups fought a guerrilla war against the US occupation in what is known as the "Caco War."
1916-1924: Dominican Republic
US Marines invaded the Dominican Republic and occupied it from 1916-1924, and this was preceded by US military intervention in 1903, 1904, and 1914. The US Navy installed personnel in all key positions in the government and controlled the Dominican army and police. Within days, the constitutional president, Juan Isidro Jimenes, resigned.
World War I and interwar period
1918: Russia
After the new Bolshevik government withdrew from World War I, the US military along with its Allies invaded Russia in 1918. About 250,000 invading troops, including troops from Europe, the US and the Japanese Empire invaded Russia to help the White Army against the Red Army from the Soviet government new in the Russian civil war. The invaders launched the invasion of Northern Russia from Arkhangelsk and the Siberian invasion of Vladivostok. The attack force included 13,000 US troops whose mission after the end of World War I included the overthrow of the new Soviet government and the restoration of the previous Tsarist regime. The US and other Western troops did not succeed in this goal and withdrew in 1920 but the Japanese military continued to occupy parts of Siberia until 1922 and northern Sakhalin until 1925.
1941: Panama
The United States Government used its contacts in the US-trained Panama National Guard to organize a coup against the Panamanian government in October 1941. The United States has called on the Panamanian government to allow it to build more than 130 new militaries. installations inside and outside the Panama Canal Zone, and the Panamanian government rejected this request at a price suggested by US President Arnulfo Arias to flee the country and Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango, coup leader and a friend of the US government, became president.
Cold War Era
1940s
1945-1950: South Korea
When the Japanese Empire surrendered in August 1945, under the leadership of Lyuh Woon-Hyung's committee throughout Korea was formed to coordinate the transition to Korean independence. On August 28, 1945 these committees formed a national government while Korea, renamed it the People's Republic of Korea (PRK) a few weeks later. On September 8, 1945, the United States government landed troops in Korea and subsequently established the United States Army Military Administration in Korea (USAMGK) to rule South Korea from the 38th parallel north. USAMGK manages governing governments with Japanese governors and many other Japanese officials who have become part of the brutal Japanese imperial government of Korea and with whom it has cooperated with Korea, which makes the government unpopular and foment for popular resistance. USAMGK refused to recognize the CRP government, which had been set up to govern the country itself, and the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, which had been based in China during World War II and had fought against Japan, and then USAMGK by the military. In October 1948, USAMGK sent units to attack Koreans seeking Korean independence, and committed several mass atrocities, including the killing of hundreds of Korean civilians on Jeju Island who were suspected of supporting those who supported independence. <19> 1946-1949: _China 1946-1949: China
The US government provided military, logistical and other assistance to the right Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) army led by Chiang Kai-shek in the Chinese Civil War against Chinese Communist Party forces. The US flew many KMT troops from central China to Manchuria. About 50,000 US troops were sent to guard strategic locations in Hupeh and Shandong. The US trains and equips the KMT troops, and transports Korean troops and even enemies of imperial Japanese forces back to help KMT troops to occupy the Chinese zone and hold back the Communist-controlled territories. President Harry Truman explained that: "It is very clear to us that if we told the Japanese to immediately lay down their weapons and march to the coast, the whole country would be taken over by the Communists, so we had to take the unusual step of using the enemy as a garrison until we can transport Chinese National troops to South China and send Marines to guard the seaports. "In less than two years after the China-Japan War, the KMT has received $ 4.43 billion from the US - mostly military aid.
1946-1949: Greece
The British military along with Greek troops under the control of the Greek government fought to rule the country in the Greek Civil War against the Greek Democratic Army (DSE). The DSE was largely composed of communist partisans who as part of the Greek Peoples Liberation Army (ELAS) in the summer of 1944 had liberated almost all countries from the Third Reich military occupation. In early 1947, the British government could no longer afford the huge cost to finance the war against the DSE, and in accordance with the October 1944 Percentage Agreement between Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, Greece remained a part of the sphere of Western influence. Thus, the British asked the US government to step in and the US flooded the country with military equipment, military advisory and weapons. With the increase in US military aid, in September 1949 the Greek government finally won.
1948-1970s: Italy
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) admitted giving $ 1 million to Italian centrist parties for the 1948 election. The CIA also published a fake letter to discredit the leaders of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). The US Agency conducted a ten million-letter writing campaign, made a number of shortwave radio broadcasts, and funded the publication of books and articles, all of which warned the Italians about what was believed to be a consequence of communist victory. The Time Magazine supports campaigns for US domestic audiences, featuring Christian Democratic Party leader and Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi on its cover and in its main story on April 19, 1948. The CIA ended up spending at least $ 65 million helping pick Italian politicians, including "every Christian Democrat who has ever won national elections in Italy."
1949: Syria
The democratically elected Shukri al-Quwatli government was overthrown by the junta led by Syrian Army chief of staff at the time, Husni al-Za'im, who became President of Syria on April 11, 1949. The exact nature of US involvement in the coup was still very controversial. However, it is well documented that the construction of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline, which has been detained in the Syrian parliament, has been approved by Za'im, the new president, more than a month after the coup.
1950s
1953: Iran
The 1953 Iran coup, known in Iran as the "Mordad 28" coup, was the overthrow of the democratically elected government of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh on August 19, 1953, designed by British intelligence agencies. (under the name "Boot Operations") and the United States (under the name "TPAJAX Project"). The coup saw the transition of Mohammad-Rez? Sh? H Pahlavi from a constitutional monarch to an authoritarian who relies heavily on the support of the United States government to maintain power until its own overthrow in February 1979.
1954: Guatemala
In a CIA operating code called PBSUCCESS Operations, the US government carried out a coup that successfully overthrew the democratically elected government of President Jacobo ÃÆ' rbenz and installed the first of the brutal right-wing dictator lines in place. The success of the perceived operation made him a model for CIA operations in the future as the CIA lied to the president of the United States when describing the number of victims.
1955-1960: Laos
The US government took over the funding of the military budget of the Royal Government of Laos in a civil war against the communist movement Pathet Lao, which has controlled part of the country. The US paid 100% of the government's military budget and in 1957 paid the Royal Army's Laos salary. The United States also set up a Secret Program Evaluation Office to dissolve US civilian personnel with previous US military experience because the US-signed agreement strictly forbids US military advisors. However, in July 1959, the US sent US commandos dressed as civilians to train the Royal Lao Army. This intervention did not result in regime change.
Failed plot coup against Syria
- 1956 Operation Straggle failed to plan a coup against Syria. The CIA made a coup plot for the end of October 1956 to overthrow the Syrian government. The plan requires a takeover by the Syrian military major cities and border crossings. The plan was postponed when Israel invaded Egypt in October 1956 and US planners thought their operation would fail as the Arab world was battling "Israeli aggression." The operation was revealed and an American plot had to flee the country.
- 1957 Operation Wappen failed to plan a coup against Syria. The second coup attempt the following year called for the killing of senior Syrian officials, launching military incidents on the Syrian border to blame in Syria and then to be used as a pretext for invasion by Iraqi and Jordanian forces, an intense US propaganda campaign targeting Syrians , and "sabotage, national conspiracy and powerful activities" to blame in Damascus. The operation failed when Syrian military officers paid millions of dollars in bribes to carry out a coup that revealed the plot to Syrian intelligence. The US State Department denied allegations of a coup attempt and along with US media accused Syria of being a "satellite" of the Soviet Union.
1957-1959: Indonesia
As a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and host of the Bandung Conference in April 1955, Indonesia charted the direction towards an independent foreign policy that was not militarily committed to both sides of the Cold War. Beginning in 1957, the CIA supported a failed coup plot by Indonesian army officers. CIA pilots, such as Allen Lawrence Pope, piloted an aircraft operated by a CIA Civil Air Transport (CAT) front organization that bombed civilian and military targets in Indonesia. The CIA instructed CAT pilots to target commercial voyages to frighten foreign merchant vessels away from Indonesian waters, thereby undermining the Indonesian economy and thereby destabilizing the democratically elected Indonesian government. The CIA's air bombings resulted in the sinking of several commercial ships and market bombings that killed many civilians. The coup attempt failed at that time and US President Eisenhower denied US involvement.
1958: Lebanon
The US launched Operation Blue Bat in July 1958 to intervene in the 1958 Lebanon crisis. This was the first application of the Eisenhower Doctrine, in which the US would intervene to protect the regime that is perceived as threatened by international communism. The aim of the operation was to improve the pro-Western Lebanese President Camille Chamoun's administration against internal opposition and threats from Syria and Egypt.
1959: Iraq
Richard Sale of United Press International quotes Adel Darwish and other experts, has reported that an assassination attempt in October 1959 to Iraqi Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim involving a young man of Saddam Hussein and the conspirators Ba ' ath is another collaboration between the CIA and the Egyptian intelligence. Bryan R. Gibson has challenged the truth of Sale and Darwish, citing unclassified documents showing the CIA has been blinded by the timing of the assassination attempt against Qasim and that the National Security Council "has just reaffirmed its non-intervention policy" six days earlier. it happens. Although the assassination attempt failed after Saddam (who should only provide shelter) fired on Qasim - forcing Saddam to spend more than three years in exile in Egypt led by the United Arab Republic (UAR) under threat of death if he returned to Iraq - it leads to exposure wide for Saddam and Ba'ath in Iraq, where both had previously languished in obscurity, and then became an important part of Saddam's public image during his tenure as President of Iraq. It is possible that Saddam visited the US embassy in Cairo during his exile.
1960s
1960: Laos
On August 9, 1960, Captain Kong Le with his paratroop battalion seized control of Vientiane's administrative capital in a bloodless coup on the "Neutralist" platform with the stated aim of ending a raging civil war in Laos, ending foreign interference in the country. , ending corruption caused by foreign aid, and better care for soldiers. With CIA support, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, Thailand's prime minister, formed a disguised Thai military advisory group called Kaw Taw. Kaw Taw along with the CIA set up a counter coup of November 1960 against the new Neutralist government in Vientiane, supplying artillery, artillery and advisors to General Phoumi Nosavan, Sarit's first cousin. He also deployed a CIA-sponsored Air Police Unit (PARU) for operations in Laos. With the help of CIA Air America's forward organization to transport war supplies and with the help of other US military and secret assistance from Thailand, General Phoumi Nosavan's troops captured Vientiane in November 1960.
1961: The Bay of Pigs
The CIA is organizing a force of Cuba-trained Cuban exiles to attack Cuba with the support and equipment of the US military, in an effort to overthrow Cuban government Fidel Castro. The invasion was launched in April 1961, three months after John F. Kennedy occupied the presidency in the United States. The Cuban armed forces, trained and equipped by the Eastern Bloc countries, defeated the attacking fighters within three days.
1960s: Cuba
Operation MONGOOSE is a US government effort for years to overthrow the Cuban government. The operation included an economic war, including an embargo on Cuba, "to encourage the failure of the Communist regime to supply Cuba's economic needs," a diplomatic initiative to isolate Cuba, and psychological operations "to change the people's hatred of the regime." The economic warfare branch of the operation also includes infiltration of CIA agents to carry out numerous acts of sabotage against civilian targets, such as railroad bridges, molasses storage facilities, power plants and sugar harvest, although Cuba's demand is repeated. to the United States government to stop its armed operations. In addition, the CIA is organizing a number of assassination attempts against Fidel Castro, head of Cuban government, including efforts that require CIA collaboration with the American mafia.
1961-1964: Brazil
When the president of Brazil resigned in August 1961, he was legitimately replaced by JoÃÆ'Â Â £ o Belchior Marques Goulart, the democratically elected vice-president of the country. JoÃÆ'Â £ o Goulart is a supporter of democratic rights, the legalization of the Communist Party, and economic and land reform, but the US government insists that it imposes an economic austerity program. The United States Government adopted a plan codenamed Operation Brother Sam for the destruction of Brazil, by cutting aid to the Brazilian government, providing assistance to the governor of the Brazilian state opposed to the new president, and encouraging senior Brazilian military officers to confiscate power and to support army chiefs General Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco as leader of the coup. General Branco led the April 1964 overthrow of the constitutional government of President JoÃÆ'Â Â £ Goulart and was designated the first president of the military regime, immediately declaring siege and capturing more than 50,000 political opponents in the first month seizing power, while the US Government declared consent and institutionalized aid and investment in the country.
1963: Iraq
Some sources, especially Said Aburish, have alleged that the February 1963 coup that resulted in the formation of Ba'ath rule in Iraq was "masterminded" by the CIA. However, no unclassified US document has verified this allegation. Tareq Y. Ismael, Jacqueline S. Ismael, and Glenn E. Perry stated that "Ba'thist troops and army officers overthrew Qasim on February 8, 1963, in collaboration with the CIA." Instead, Gibson argues that "the vast amount of evidence justifies the conclusion that the CIA was not behind the B'athist coup of February 1963." The US offered material support to the new Ba'ath government after the coup, despite bloody anti-communist purge and Iraqi atrocities against Kurdish rebels and civilians. Because of this, Nathan Citino asserted: "Although the United States does not initiate a coup of 14 Ramadan, it is best to forgive and at worst it contributes to the violence that followed." The Ba'athist government collapsed in November 1963 due to unification issues with Syria (where the rival branch of the Ba'ath Party had seized power in March). There has been much academic discussion of allegations from King Hussein of Jordan and others that the CIA (or other US agency) provided to the Ba'athist government with a list of communists and other leftists, who were later captured or killed by Ba 'Militia ath Party - Garda National. Gibson and Hanna Batatu stress that the identity of members of the Communist Party of Iraq is publicly known and that Ba'ath need not rely on US intelligence to identify them, while Citino considers the allegations reasonable as the US embassy in Iraq has actually compiled such lists, and since members The Iraqi National Guard involved in the cleanup received training in the US
1965-66: Dominican Republic
In the Dominican Civil War, the junta led by President Joseph Donald Reid Cabral was struggling against "constitutionalist" or "rebel" forces advocating restoring the power of the first democratically elected president of the Dominican Republic, President Juan Emilio Bosch GaviÃÆ' Â ± o, who his tenure has been cut by the coup. The US launched the "Power Pack Operation," a US military operation to put the US military between rebels and junta forces to prevent rebel progress and perhaps victory. Most civil advisers have recommended against immediate intervention in the hope that the junta may end civil wars, but US President Lyndon B. Johnson received advice from his Ambassador in Santo Domingo, William Tapley Bennett, who suggested that the US intervene. General Wheeler's Chief of Staff told the subordinates: "Your mission that has not been announced is to prevent Dominican Republic from becoming a Communist." A fleet of 41 US ships were sent to blockade the island when the US invaded. Finally, 42,000 soldiers and marines were ordered to the Dominican Republic and the US occupied the country.
1965-1967: Indonesia
The junior army officer and the commander of President Sukarno's palace guard accused Indonesian military officials of planning a CIA-backed coup against President Sukarno and killing six senior generals on October 1, 1965. General Muhammad Suharto and other senior military officers attacked junior officers on the same day and accused the Party Communist Indonesia (PKI) masterminded the murder of six generals. The army launched a propaganda campaign based on lies and made civilian gangs angry to attack people believed to be supporters of the PKI and other political opponents. Indonesian government troops with several civilian collaborations committed mass killings for months. The CIA recognizes that "in terms of the number of people killed, the anti-PKI massacres in Indonesia became one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century." Estimates of the number of civilians killed ranged from half a million to a million but newer estimates put the figure at two to three million. US Ambassador Marshall Green encouraged military leaders to act decisively against political opponents. The US has detailed knowledge of mass murder. US diplomats later acknowledged that they had given the Indonesian army thousands of PKI supporters and suspected alleged leftists, and that US officials later checked from the list of those who had been killed. President Sukarno's support was so trampled and frightened, and he was forced out of power in 1967, replaced by General Suharto.
1970s
1971: Bolivia
The US government backed a 1971 coup led by General Hugo Banzer who ousted President Juan José Torres of Bolivia. Torres has disappointed Washington by holding "Asamblea del Pueblo" (People's Assembly or People's Assembly), where representatives from certain sectors of the proletarian society are represented (miners, union teachers, students, peasants), and more generally by leading the country in what regarded as the left wing direction. Banzer hatched a bloody military uprising that began on August 18, 1971 which took over power on 22 August 1971. After Banzer took over, the United States provided military aid and other assistance to Banzer's dictatorship when Banzer cracked down on speech liberties and dissent, torturing thousands, disappear "and kill hundreds, and close unions and universities. Torres, who escaped from Bolivia, was kidnapped and murdered in 1976 as part of Operation Condor, a US-backed campaign of state-sponsored political and terrorism by South-right right-wing dictators.
1972-1975: Iraq
The US secretly provided millions of dollars for an Iranian-backed Kurdish rebellion against the Iraqi government. The US role is so secretive that even the US State Department and the US "Committee 40", created to oversee covert operations, are not informed. The Democratic Party of Kurdish troops are led by Mustafa Barzani. In particular, unbeknownst to the Kurds, this is the act of change the secret US regime wants to fail, intended only to drain the country's resources. The US suddenly suspended support for the Kurds in 1975 and, despite the request for Kurdish aid, refused to extend even humanitarian aid to the thousands of Kurdish refugees who were created as a result of the collapse of the insurgency.
1973: Chile
The democratically elected president of Salvador Allende was ousted by Chilean armed forces and national police. This follows a long period of social and political unrest between Chile's dominated Congress and Allende, as well as the economic war launched by the US government. As the beginning of the coup, Chief of Staff of the Chilean army, Renà © Å © Schneider, a general dedicated to preserving the constitutional order, was assassinated in 1970. The ruling Augusto Pinochet regime was famous for having, with conservative estimates, disappearing about 3200 political dissidents, imprisoned 30,000 (many of whom were tortured), and forced some 200,000 Chileans into exile. The CIA, through the FUBELT Project (also known as Track II), worked quietly to engineer conditions for the coup. The US initially denied involvement, but many relevant documents have been declassified in the decades since.
1979-1989: Afghanistan
In what is known as "Operation Typhoon," the US government secretly provides weapons and funds for the collection of warlords and some Jihadi guerrilla factions known as the Mujahideen of Afghanistan who are fighting to overthrow the Afghan government and the Soviet military forces that support it. Through Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the US is delivering training, weapons and money to Afghan fighters, including the jihadi known as the Taliban, and at an estimated cost of $ 800 million to as many as 35,000 Arab foreign fighters. The Afghans of Afghanistan also "derive indirect benefits from CIA funding, through the ISI and resistance organizations," Some of the largest CIA beneficiaries are Arab commanders such as Jalaluddin Haqqani and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar who are key allies of Osama Bin Laden for many years. Some CIA-funded militants will become part of al Qaeda in the future, and include Osama Bin Laden, according to former Foreign Minister Robin Cook and other sources. However, this accusation was rejected by Steve Coll ("If the CIA did indeed have contact with bin Laden during the 1980s and then covered it up, so far has done a very good job"), Peter Bergen ("The theory that bin Laden was made by the CIA always advancing as an axiom without supporting evidence "), and Jason Burke (" It is often said that bin Laden was funded by the CIA.This is not true, and, indeed, it is impossible given the funding structure that General Zia ul-Haq, who has taken power in Pakistan in 1977, has arranged "). Although Operation Cyclone officially ended in 1989 with the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, US government funds for Mujahideen continued until 1992, when Mujahideen invaded the Afghan government in Kabul.
1980s
1980-1992: El Salvador
The government of El Salvador has a bloody civil war against the Farabundo Mart National Liberation Front (FMLN), an umbrella organization of leftist political opposition groups, and against the leaders of agricultural cooperatives, labor leaders and others advocating for land reform and better conditions for campesinos renters and other agrarian workers) who support FMLN. The Salvadoran Army set up a military death squad to terrorize rural civilians to stop its support for FMLN. Government forces killed more than 75,000 civilians during the 1980-1992 war. The US government provides military training and arms for El Salvador's military. The Atlacatl Battalion, a counter-insurgency battalion, was held in 1980 at the United States Army School and had a major role in the "charred earth" military policy against FLMN and the rural villages that supported it. The Atlacatl Army is equipped and directed by US military advisers operating in El Salvador. The Atlacatl Battalion also participated in the massacre of El Mozote in December 1981. In May 1983, US officers took over top-level military positions in Salvador, making important decisions and running the war. The fact-finding committee of the US Congress found that military policy "drains the ocean" a filling repression "wiped the whole village off the map, isolated the guerrillas, and denied them any rural base they could feed." The strategy of "drying the ocean" or "scorched earth" is based on a tactic similar to that used by counter-revolt of the junta in neighboring Guatemala and especially derived and adapted from the US strategy during the Vietnam War and taught by American military advisers.
1982-1989: Nicaragua
The US government is trying to overthrow the Nicaraguan government by secretly arming, training and funding Contras, a Honduran-based militant group created to sabotage Nicaragua and destabilize the Nicaraguan government. As part of the training, the CIA distributed a detailed "manual of terror" entitled "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare," which instructed Contras, among others, on how to blow up public buildings, to kill judges, to create martyrs, and to blackmail citizens ordinary. In addition to masterminding the Contras, the US government also blew up bridges and mines the port of Corinto, causing the sinking of several Nicaraguan and foreign civilian ships as well as many civilian casualties. After the Boland Amendment made it illegal for the US government to provide funds for Contra's activities, President Reagan's administration secretly sold arms to the Iranian government to fund a secret US government secret device funding Contras, in what is known as the Iran-Contra. The US continues to arm and train Contras even after the Nicaraguan Sandanista government won the 1984 election.
1983: Grenada
In what the US government calls the Urgent Fury Operation, the US military invaded the small island nation of Grenada to abolish the Marxist Grenada government that the Reagan administration considered inappropriate. The UN General Assembly called the US invasion a "glaring violation of international law" but a similar resolution widely endorsed by the UN Security Council was vetoed by the United States.
1989: Panama
In December 1989, in a military operation code-named Operation Just Cause, the US invaded Panama. President George HW Bush launched the war ten years after Torrijos-Carter Treaties were ratified to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama in 2000. The US overthrew the deamano de facto leader, General, and dictator Manuel Noriega and took him to the United States, elected president Guillermo Endara was sworn into office, and the Panama Defense Force disbanded.
Submit dissolution of USSR
1990s
1991: Kuwait
After Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the US government strongly lobbyed the government represented in the UN Security Council to support a resolution authorizing UN member states to use "all necessary means" to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait. UN Security Council Resolution 678, including the language, was adopted and the United States collected 34 coalition troops to attack. The operation was launched in January 1991 and has the code name of US "Operation Desert Storm." The US-led coalition drives Iraqi troops out of Kuwait and returns to the emir power, Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah.
1991: Haiti
- 1991 Haiti . Eight months after what was widely considered the first honest election held in Haiti, the newly elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was ousted by Haitian soldiers. It was said by some that the CIA "paid key members of the coup plot troops, identified as drug traffickers, for information from the mid-1980s at least until the coup." The coup leaders, Dras and FranÃÆ'§ois have received military training in the United States.
1991-2003: Iraq
After the Persian Gulf War in 1991, the US government successfully advocated that pre-war sanctions be made more comprehensive, undertaken by the UN Security Council in April 1991 by adopting Resolution 687. After the UN imposed tougher sanctions, US officials declared in May 1991 - when it is widely assumed that the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein is facing a collapse - that sanctions will not be lifted unless Saddam is overthrown. In the next presidential government, US officials take the position that sanctions may be lifted if Iraq meets all UN resolutions that are violated, not only by UN weapons inspections. The effects of sanctions on Iraqi civilians, including child mortality, were debated at the time. While it is widely believed at the time that sanctions led to a major rise in child mortality, recent research suggests that the frequently cited data were made by the Iraqi government and that "there was no major rise in child mortality in Iraq after 1990 and during the sanctions period."
1994-2000: Iraq
The CIA launched DBACHILLES, a coup attempt against the Iraqi government, recruiting Ayad Allawi, who heads the Iraqi National Accord, the Iraqi network opposed to Saddam Hussein's government, as part of the operation. The network included Iraqi military and intelligence officers but was penetrated by people loyal to the Iraqi government. Also using Ayad Allawi and its network, the CIA directed sabotage and government bombing campaigns in Baghdad between 1992 and 1995 against targets which - according to the Iraqi government at the time - killed many civilians including people in crowded theaters. The CIA bombing campaign may be just a test of the operational capacity of the CIA asset network in the field and is not intended to be the launch of the coup offensive itself. The coup was unsuccessful, but Ayad Allawi was later appointed prime minister of Iraq by the Iraqi Provisional Government Council, which had been created by the US-led coalition after the invasion and occupation of Iraq in March 2003. As an act not closed, the United States in 1998 ratified " Liberation of Iraq, "which states, in part, that" It must be a policy of the United States to support efforts to remove Saddam Hussein-led regimes from power in Iraq, "and funds tailored for US aid" to Iraq's democratic opposition organization. "
2000s
2000: Yugoslavia
From the period 1998 to 2000, more than $ 100,000,000 was channeled from the US Department of State through Quangos to opposition parties to produce regime change in Yugoslavia. Following various problems related to Yugoslavia's 2000 election results, the US State Department strongly supports opposition groups such as Otpor! through the provision of promotional materials and also, consulting services through Quangos. The involvement of the United States serves to accelerate and regulate dissent through exposure, resources, moral and material encouragement, technological assistance and professional advice. This campaign is one of the factors that contributed to the Bulldozer Revolution and thereby overthrew the old president Slobodan Milo? Evi? on October 5, 2000.
- 2003 Iraq
2005: Iran
According to US and Pakistani intelligence sources, beginning in 2005 the US government secretly encouraged and advised the Balochi Pakistani militant group called Jundullah who was responsible for a series of deadly guerrilla attacks inside Iran. Jundullah, headed by Abdolmalek Rigi (sometimes written as Abd el Malik Regi), also known as "Regi," is allegedly linked to Al Qaeda, an accusation the group rejected. ABC News learned from tribal sources that money for Jundullah was directed to the group through exiled Iranians. "They are alleged to have links with Al Qaeda and they are also considered to be tied to the drug culture," according to Professor Vali Nasr. US intelligence sources later claimed that Jundallah's orchestration operation was, in fact, a false Israeli Mossad (Israeli) false-flagged operation to disguise it as a work of American intelligence.
2006-07: Palestinian territories
The US government pressed the Palestinian-led Fatah faction to overthrow Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh's government. The Bush administration was unhappy with the government that the majority of Palestinians were elected in Palestinian legislative elections in January 2006. The US government established secret training and weapons programs that received tens of millions of dollars in Congressional financing, but also, as in the counter-Iran scandal, more congressional funding sources astonishing for Fatah to launch a bloody war against the government of Haniyeh. The war was brutal, with many casualties and with Fatah kidnapping and torturing Hamas civilian leaders, sometimes in front of their own families, and setting fire to a university in Gaza. When the Saudi Arabian government attempted to negotiate a ceasefire between the two sides in order to avoid a major civil war in Palestine, the US government pressured Fatah to reject Saudi plans and continue efforts to overthrow the Faniyeh government. In the end, Faniyeh's government was prevented from commanding over all Palestinian territories, with Hamas retreating to the Gaza Strip and Fatah retreating to the West Bank.
Post-2005: Syria
Since 2006, the Department of Foreign Affairs has channeled at least $ 6 million to the Barada TV anti-government satellite channel, which is linked to the exile group Movement for Justice and Development in Syria. This secret endorsement continues under the Obama administration, even as the US publicly re-establishes ties with Bashar Al-Assad.
After the outbreak of the Syrian civil war, the US government asked Syrian President Bashar Al Assad to "step aside" and impose an oil embargo on the Syrian government to make it to its knees. Starting in 2013, the US also provides training, arms and cash to Syrian "moderate" rebels, and by 2014, the Supreme Military Council.
In March 2017, Ambassador Nikki Haley told a group of reporters that US priorities in Syria were no longer "getting Assad out." Earlier in the day at a press conference in Ankara, Foreign Minister Rex Tillerson also said that "President Assad's long-term status will be decided by the people of Syria." While the US Department of Defense's program to help Kurdish-dominated rebels fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) will continue, it was revealed in July 2017 that US President Trump has ordered "phasing" of CIA support for anti-Assad Assad.
2010s
2011 Libya
The US is part of a multi-national coalition that conducted 2011 military intervention in Libya to implement UN Security Council Resolution 1973, taken in response to events during the Libyan Civil War, and military operations began, with US and British naval forces firing more than 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles, French and British Air Forces are sequencing in Libya and sea blockade by Coalition forces.
Yemen 2015-present
The US has supported intervention by Saudi Arabia and other despotic regimes of the Persian Gulf in the Yemeni Civil War. The Yemeni Civil War began in 2015 between two parties, each claiming at that time to support the legitimate Yemeni government: the Houthi forces, which control the capital Sana'a and have supported former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, against forces based in Aden and loyal to the government Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi. The Saudi-led invasion aims to restore Hadi to power, and allies with local factions. Saudi-led interventions have been widely criticized for the widespread bombing of other urban and civilian areas, including schools and hospitals. The US military provides aid and intelligence targeting and logistical support for Saudi-led bombing campaigns, including air refueling. The US also provides weapons and bombs, including, according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) reports, cluster bombs are banned in most parts of the world and used by Saudi Arabia in conflict. The US has been criticized for providing weapons and bombs knowing that the Saudi bombings have indiscriminately targeted civilians and violated the laws of war. It has been suggested that the US government is legally "counselor" in the conflict, in which US military personnel may be sued for war crimes, and a US senator has accused the United States of involvement in the Yemeni humanitarian catastrophe. In May 2018, the civil war suffered a dead end.
Hidden engagement
During the modern era, Americans were involved in various secret regime changes. During the Cold War in particular, the US government secretly supported a military coup that overthrew democratically elected governments in Syria in 1949, Iran in 1953, Guatemala in 1954, the Congolese Crisis of 1960, Brazil in 1964 and Chile in 1973.
See also
- Foreign election intervention
- Foreign intervention by the United States
- The timeline of US military operations
Note
Bibliography
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments