Portable air defense system ( MANPADS or MPADS ) is a surface-to-air missile launched to the shoulder (SLSAM). They are usually weapon-guided and a threat to low-flying aircraft, especially helicopters.
Video Man-portable air-defense system
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MANPADS was developed in the 1940s to provide ground troops with military protection from enemy aircraft. They have received a lot of attention, partly because armed groups have used them against commercial aircraft. These missiles, affordable and widely available through various sources, have been successfully used for the last three decades in both military conflicts, and by terrorist organizations.
Twenty-five countries, including Britain, the United States, Sweden and Russia, produce human portable air defense systems. Such arms possession, exports and trade are officially controlled, because of the threat they posed to civil aviation, although such efforts have not always worked.
The missiles are about 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 feet) and weigh about 17 to 18 kg (37 to 40 pounds), depending on the model. Shoulder-fired SAMs generally have a target detection range of about 10 km (6 mi) and an engagement range of about 6 km (4 mi), so airplanes at 6,100 meters (20,000 feet) or higher are relatively safe. However, the FIM-92 Stinger (1996 version) has a range of 26,000 feet (7,900m).
The MANPADS acronym is generally mistaken for having a single form of "MANPAD" - this is not true, because even a single unit is still a system and will have a final S in the acronym.
Maps Man-portable air-defense system
Missile type
Unguided
Borrowing from a simple and effective Panzerfaust anti-tank concept, Fliegerfaust, a guided multibarreled 20mm rocket launcher, was developed by Nazi Germany in 1944. The weapon never achieved mass production because of the end of World War II.
After World War II, Soviet designers also experimented with supervised multibarrel rocket launchers but the design concept was abandoned for missiles equipped with infrared sensors.
Infrared
Infrared-fired missiles are designed to be home to heat sources in aircraft, usually engine exhaust gases, and blow up warheads at or near heat sources to switch off aircraft. These missiles use passive guidance, which means that they do not emit signals to detect heat sources, which make them difficult to detect by targeted aircraft using a countermeasure system.
First generation
The first missiles deployed in the 1960s were infrared missiles. First-generation SS fired, such as Redeye AS, early versions of Soviet SA-7, and HN-5 China (Soviet copy of Strela-2), are considered "romps" because their searchers can only get and engage high performing aircraft after passing position of missile shooting. In this flight profile, aircraft engines are fully exposed to missile seekers and provide sufficient thermal signatures for engagement. First-generation IR missiles are also highly susceptible to thermal signature interference from background sources, including the sun, which many experts perceive makes them somewhat unreliable.
Second generation
Second generation infrared missiles, such as early versions of US Stinger, Soviet SA-14, and FN-6 China, use better cooling to cool the seeker's head, allowing searchers to filter out the most disturbing background IR sources as well. as allowing a profile of direct and side engagement. These missiles can also use technology to counter flare decoy that may be used by targeted aircraft and also have a backup target detection mode such as ultraviolet (UV) mode found on Stinger missiles.
Third generation
The third generation of infrared shoulder-fired SAMs, such as Mistral France, Soviet 9K38 Igla, and US Stinger B, use single or double detectors to generate quasi-target images and also have the ability to recognize and reject flares negated from aircraft.
Fourth generation
Fourth-generation missiles, such as the canceled American FIM-92 Stinger Block 2, Russia's SA-25, and missiles believed to be under development in Japan, France and Israel may incorporate a focal plane guide system and other sophisticated sensor systems, allowing engagement over a larger range.
Russian 9K333 Verba is the fourth generation of MANPADS with three-channel optical orientation (ultraviolet, near-infrared, mid-infrared).
Command line-of-sight
Command Command (CLOS) missiles do not go inside on any particular aspect (heat source or radio or radar transmission) of the targeted aircraft. Instead, missile operators or shooters visually gain targets using optically zoomed vision and then use radio controls to "fly" missiles into planes. One benefit of such missiles is that it is virtually immune to flares and other basic countermeasures designed primarily to defeat IR missiles. The main disadvantage of CLOS missiles is that they require highly trained and skilled operators. Many reports of the Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s cite Afghan mujahidin out of disappointment with British supplied Blowpipe CLOS missiles because it is too difficult to learn to use and is very inaccurate, especially when used for fast moving jet aircraft. Considering this, many experts believe that CLOS missiles are not ideal for the use of untrained personnel such as IR missiles, sometimes referred to as "firing and forgetting missiles".
The latest version of CLOS missiles, such as the British Javelin, uses a solid state television camera instead of an optical tracker to ease the shooter's task. The Javelin manufacturer, Thales Air Defense, claims that his missile is barely resistant to retaliation. Even more sophisticated CLOS versions, such as British Starburst, use laser data links instead of previous radio guide links to fly missiles to targets.
Laser guided
Portable air defense systems are a popular black market item for rebel forces. Their Proliferation becomes subject of Wassenaar Arrangement's (WA) 22 Elements for Export Control MANPADS , G8 Action Plan June 2, 2003, Asia-Pacific Economy October 2003 Cooperation (APEC) Summit, Bangkok Declaration on Partnership for the Future and in July 2003 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Forum for Security Cooperation, Decree No. 7/03: Man-portable Air Defense System .
Understanding the problem in 2003, Colin Powell said that "no more serious threat to flight" than missiles, which can be used to shoot down helicopters and commercial aircraft, and sold illegally with just a few hundred dollars. The United States has led a global effort to dismantle these weapons, with more than 30,000 people voluntarily destroyed since 2003, but perhaps hundreds of thousands are still in the hands of the rebels, especially in Iraq, where they were plundered from the arms warehouse of Saddam's former dictator. Hussein, and in Afghanistan as well. In August 2010, a report by the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) confirmed that "only a handful" of the banned MANPADS were found from the national resistance cache in Iraq in 2009, according to media reports and interviews with military sources.
Military
With the increasing number of MANPADS attacks on civil aircraft, a number of different countermeasures have been developed specifically to protect aircraft against missiles. AN/ALQ-144 , AN/ALQ-147 and AN/ALQ-157 are US-produced systems, developed by Sanders Associates in the 1970s.
Civil
- Civil Aviation Missile Protection System (CAMPS) - Developed by Saab Avitronics, Chemring Handling, and Naturelink Flight, using non-pyrotechnic infrared feeds.
- Flight Guard by Elta Systems Ltd.
Weapons by country
- China
- HN-5
- HN-6
- QW-1
- QW-11
- QW-11G
- QW-1A
- QW-1M
- QW-2
- QW-3
- FN-6
- QW-1 Vanguard
- TB-1
- French
- Mistral
- United Kingdom
- Blowpipe
- Javelin
- Starburst
- Starstreak
- Iran
- Misagh-1
- Misagh-2
- Misagh-3
- Qaem
- Japan
- Type 91 (SAM-2, SAM-2B)
- Pakistan
- Anza (missile)
- Anza Mk-I (missile)
- Anza Mk-II (missile)
- Anza Mk-III (missile)
- Polish
- Grom
- USSR/Russian Federation
- 9K32M 'Strela-2' (SA-7)
- 9K36 'Strela-3' (SA-14)
- 9K310 'Igla-M' (SA-16)
- 9K38 'Igla' (SA-18)
- 9K338 'Igla-S' (SA-24)
- Verb (Willow) MANPADS (GRAU - 9K333 missile - 9M336, SA-25).
- Swedish
- RBS 70
- United States
- FIM-43 'Redeye'
- FIM-92 'Stinger'
- South Korea
- Chiron (missile)
- North Korea
- HT-16PGJ
See also
- Anti-air battles
- Infrared countermeasures
- Aerial countermeasures
- Civil Defense Missile Defense System
- Flight Guard
- Northrop Grumman Guardian
- Portable anti-tank system
References
Part of this article is taken from Homeland Security: Protecting Airliners from Missile Terrorists, CRS Report for Congress RL31741, February 16, 2006 by the Congressional Research Service, the division of the Library of Congress as the work of the Federal Government is in the public domain.
External links
- MANPADS Proliferation - links to hundreds of documents in MANPADS, their proliferation, and control efforts
- Human Portable Air Defense System (MANPADS) Survey Note Small Gun Survey
- Man Portable Missiles vs. Airliners
- Are Helicopters Vulnerable? - Effectiveness analysis of MANPADS.
- Man Portable AIr Defense System--GlobalSecurity.Org articles covering periods up to 1999.
- MANPADS: Fight Threats for Global Flights from Human Portable Air Defense System
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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