A kerosene lamp (also known as paraffin lamp in some countries) is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene (paraffin) as fuel. Invented by the Ignacy Polish pharmacist? Ukasiewicz in 1853, kerosene lamps have axis or mantle as a light source, protected by a glass or glass chimney; lights can be used on a desk, or hand-held lanterns can be used for portable lighting. Like oil lamps, these lamps are useful for illumination without electricity, such as in rural areas without electricity, in areas that are powered during power outages, in campsites, and on boats. There are three types of kerosene lamps: flat axis, middle-draft (tubular round axis), and mantle lamp. Kerosene lanterns intended for portable use have a flat axis and are made in flame, hot, and cold.
The pressurized kerosene lamp has a gas generator and a gas mantle; these are known as Petromax, Tilley lamps, or Coleman lights, among other manufacturers. They produce more light per unit of fuel than axis type bulbs, but are more complex and costly in construction and more complex to operate. A hand pump presses the air, which forces the liquid fuel from the reservoir into a gas generator. The steam from the gas generator burns, heats the mantle up to the glow and also provides heat to the gas generator.
The first description of simple lamps using crude mineral oil is provided by the Persia al-Razi (Rhazes) Persiist in 9th century Baghdad, who calls it "naffatah" in his book Kitab al-Asrar Book of Secrets ). In 1846 Abraham Pineo Gesner invented a whale oil substitute for illumination, distilled from coal. Later made from petroleum, kerosene became a popular illumination. The modern and most popular version of kerosene lamps was later built by Polish inventor and pharmacist, Ignacy? Ukasiewicz.
Kerosene lamps are widely used for lighting in rural areas of Africa and Asia, where electricity is not distributed or is too expensive. The kerosene lamp consumes about 77 billion liters of fuel per year, equivalent to 1.3 million barrels of oil per day, comparable to the annual US jet fuel consumption of 76 billion liters per year.
Video Kerosene lamp
Type
Flat axis
Flat axis is a simple type of kerosene lamp, which burns kerosene drawn through the axis by capillary action. If this type of lamp is damaged, it can easily start a fire. Flat axis has a fuel tank (source), with a built-in burner. Attached to the fuel tank, four forks hold a glass chimney, which prevents the flame from being blown off and improves thermally induced design. The glass chimney needs a "throat", or a little narrowing, to make the right concept for perfect burning of fuel; the draft carries more air (oxygen) through the flame, helping to produce a smoke without smoke, which is brighter than that produced by an open flame.
Light burners have a flat axis, usually made of cotton. The bottom of the dips axis into the source and absorb the kerosene; the top of the axis extends out of the burner axis tube, which includes the axis fitting mechanism. Adjust how many wicks that extend over the axis tube control the flame. The wick tubes surround the axis and ensure that the exact amount of air reaches the lamp burner. Adjustment is usually done by using a small button that operates the cric, a toothed metal sprocket attached to the axis. If the axis is too high, and extends beyond the burner cone at the top of the axis tube, the lamp will produce smoke and soot (unburned carbon). When the light is turned on, the kerosene that axis has absorbed the burn and produces a clear, bright, and yellow fire. When kerosene is on fire, capillary action on the axis draws more kerosene up from the fuel tank. All kerosene axis lamps use a fire-burner design, where the fire is given cold air from below, and exits the hot air above.
This type of light is very much used by trains, both in front and rear rail and for hand signals, because of its reliability. While there are several light sources competing at night outside the major cities, the brightness of these lights is limited and can be seen at sufficient distances to serve as a warning or signal.
Central-draft light (axis round tube)
The main design lights, or Argand lamps, work in the same way as flat axis lights. The burner is equipped with a high glass chimney, about 12 inches (300 mm) or taller, to provide the powerful design that this lamp needs to burn properly. Burners use axis, usually made of cotton, made of axis, flat width rolled into tubes, stitches that are then sewn together to form a complete axis. The tubular axis is then fitted to the "carrier", which is some form of toothed rack that moves to the axle gear mechanism of the burner and allows the axis to be raised and lowered. The axis rises between the inner and outer axes; the central draft tube provides a central draft or draft that supplies air to the flame disperser. When the light is turned on, the center jar is supplying air to the flame disperser spreading the fire into a circle of flame and allowing the lamp to light up cleanly.
Coat light
The variation on the "main-draft" light is the mantle lamp. The coat is a pear-shaped net made of fabric placed on the stove. The coat usually contains thorium or other rare earth salt; on the first use of burnt-out cloth, and rare earth salts converted into oxides, leaving a very fragile structure, which fades (brightly shines) after exposure to burner heat. The coat lights are much brighter than flat lights or round axes, producing a whiter light and generating more heat. The mantle lamps typically use faster fuel than the flat axis lights, but are slower than the axis of the middle axis rotation, as they depend on small flames that heat the mantle, rather than having all the light coming from the flame itself.
The mantle light is almost always bright enough to take advantage of the lampshade, and some mantle lights may be enough to heat a small building in cold weather. Mantle lamps, because of the higher temperatures in which they operate, do not produce much odor, except when it is first turned on or off. Like flat lights and round axes, they can be adjusted for brightness; However, caution should be used, because if set too high, the chimney lights and the mantle can be covered with black soot area. A set of too high lights will burn soot if not quickly change, but if not immediately captured, the soot itself can be lit, and the condition of "breakout light" can occur.
One of the popular models of mantle lamps is using only the axis and not being pressed.
Pressure coating lamps contain gas generators and require pre-heating of the generator before lighting. Air pumps are used to deliver fuel under pressure to the gas generator.
Large pressurized kerosene mantle lamps are used in lighthouse lighthouses to navigate ships, brighter and with lower fuel consumption than previously used oil lamps.
Kerosene Lantern
An kerosene lantern, also known as a "lantern lantern" or "storm lantern", is a flat light made for portable and outdoor use. They are made of stamped or wrinkled sheets, with tin-coated steel sheets being the most common material, followed by brass and copper. There are three types: dead-flame, hot-blast, and cold-blast. Both the hot and cold blast designs are called tubular tubular and are safer than the flame lights off, as tipping over the tubular lantern cuts the oxygen flow to the burner and will extinguish the fire in seconds.
The earliest portable "glass globe" lanterns, from the 1850s and 1860s, were a type of dead flame, meaning that it had an open axis, but the airflow to the flame was tightly controlled in an upward motion by a combination of ventilation in part under the stove and the top chimney is open. It has the effect of removing the draft side to side and thus significantly reduces or even eliminates flickering that can occur with an open flame.
Lanterns, such as hot-blast lanterns and cold-blast, take this air flow control even further by partially attaching axes in "deflector" or "burner cone" and channeling airflow through restricted areas, creating brighter and even firmer fires.
The design of the hot blast, also known as the "tubular lantern" because of the metal tube used in its construction, was created by John Irwin and patented on January 12, 1868. The hot blast design collects hot air from the top of the world and inserts it through a metal side tube to the burner, fires brighter.
The cold blast design is similar to a thermal explosion, except that cold cold air is drawn from across the top of the globe and then fed through a metal side tube on a flame, making it burn more brightly. This design produces brighter light from the design of a hot blast, because the fresh air fed to the flame has plenty of oxygen to support the combustion process.
Maps Kerosene lamp
Fuels
Generic oil lights are available clearly or in multiple color choices and are in perfumed and non-flavorful form. Although more expensive, the oil lamp is very smooth and burns cleaner and less odor than kerosene. "Lamp oil" should not be liquid paraffin. "Air-clear" K-1 kerosene is the next class of fuel choice for kerosene axis lamps. In some locations "kerosene" is sold, which is dyed red and slightly cheaper than kerosene K-1, because there is no motor vehicle fuel tax collected on it. Red kerosene is not recommended because the dye will gradually clog the lantern's axis, causing odor and reduced performance. The "Klean-Heat" brand is a substitute for a very fine, cleaner, and more oil-smelling kerosene sold in many hardware stores over the winter. Oil flavored citronella fragrance containing lemongrass oil sold for insect repellent properties. Shale fuel should only be used outdoors. â € Å"Lamp oilâ € based on liquid paraffins should only be used in bulbous axis lamps with a diameter axis less than / 8 inch (16 mm). Used in larger axes, this fuel causes the axis to clog.
The axis of the axis of kerosene should only be operated with kerosene, lamp oil or Klean-Heat, but alternative fuel can be used in an emergency. Such fuel can produce additional smoke and odor and may not be used indoors. Tractor evaporation oil is made of kerosene with some additives to make motor fuel for the tractor. No 1 solar (also called winter diesel) is almost the same as kerosene but with additives to make it a motor fuel. Jet A-fuel engine is essentially kerosene with some additives. RP-1 (Rocket Propellant-1) is a very refined form of kerosene similar to jet fuel, used as a rocket fuel.
Round axis light axis will only burn the spirits of Klean-Heat or low odor spirits.
Any liquid with a low flash point presents a high risk of fire or explosion if used in kerosene axis lamps. Such liquids are dangerous and should not be used in kerosene lamps or lanterns. Examples include:
- charcoal liquid,
- petrol (gasoline),
- naphtha, white gas fuel or Coleman,
- mineral spirits, paint thinners, white spirits (Stoddard solvents),
- Other hydrocarbon solvents such as turpentine, benzene, xylene, toluene, acetone, campena, thin lacquer,
- denatured alcohol.
Fuel contamination of lamps even with a small amount of gasoline produces a lower flash point and higher vapor pressure for fuel, with potentially harmful consequences. Steam from spilled fuel can ignite; steam trapped on liquid fuels can cause excessive stress and fire. Kerosene lamps are still widely used in areas without electric lighting; costs and hazards of burning lighting continue to be a concern in many countries.
Performance
The flat axis has the lowest light output, the center-axis rotation has 3-4 times the output of the flat axis, and the pressurized lamp has a higher output; range from 8 to 100 lumens. A kerosene lamp that produces 37 lumens for 4 hours per day consumes about 3 liters of kerosene per month.
12,57 lumens = 1 CP
See also
- Candle
- List of light sources
- Robert Edwin Newbery
- Safe bottle light
References
External links
- Creating and Fixing Kerosene Lamps
- Information about the kerosene burner (Germany) by Gerhard Bruder
- Oil Lamp Basics to Survive
- Information on Petrol and Lantern Dietz Lamps
- How to Assemble Kerosene Lights - Antique Lamp Supply
- Information about flashing oil lights
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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