Cough medicine is a drug used on them with cough and related conditions. However, there is no good evidence that prescription cough medicine reduces cough. Although they are used by 10% of American children every week, they are not recommended in Canada and the United States in children 6 years or younger because of a lack of evidence showing the effects and concerns of danger.
Video Cough medicine
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There are a number of different cough and cold medicines, which can be used for various cough symptoms. Commercially available products may include various combinations of one or more of the following five types of substances:
- Mucokinetik, or mukolitik, is a class of drugs that help clear mucus from the airways, lungs, bronchi, and trachea. Examples are karbokistein, ambroxol, and bromhexine.
- Expectorants are substances that are claimed to make coughing easier while increasing mucus and phlegm production. Two examples are acetylcysteine ​​â € <â €
- Antitusives, or cough suppressants, are substances that suppress the cough itself. Examples are codeine, pholcodine, dextromethorphan, noscapine, and butamirate.
- Antihistamines, or allergic rhinitis can produce mild sedation and alleviate other related symptoms, such as runny nose and watery eyes. Examples are diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, brompheniramine, loratadine, and cetirizine.
- Decongestants relieve nasal congestion and sinus infections. Examples are ephedrine, phenylephrine, and oxymetazoline.
- Also used are various substances that should soften the cough, such as honey or supplement syrup.
Maps Cough medicine
Effectiveness
The efficacy of cough medicine is questionable, especially in children. The 2014 Cochrane Review concluded that "There is no good evidence for or against the effectiveness of over-the-counter drugs in acute cough". Some cough medicines may not be more effective than placebo for acute cough in adults, including cough associated with upper respiratory tract infections. The American College of Chest Physicians stress that cough medicine is not designed to treat whooping cough, bacterial cough and can survive for months. There is no over-the-counter cough medicine that proves to be effective in cases of pneumonia. They are not recommended in those with COPD, chronic bronchitis, or common cold. There is not enough evidence to make recommendations for those suffering from cough and cancer.
Drugs
- Dextromethorphan (DXM) may be slightly effective in reducing cough in adults with upper respiratory viral infections. However, in children it has not been found effective. Codeine was once seen as a "gold standard" in cough suppressants, but this position is now being questioned. Several recent placebo-controlled trials have found that it may not be better than placebo for several causes including acute cough in children. Thus it is not recommended for children. In addition, there is no evidence that hydrocodone is useful in children. Similarly, the 2012 Dutch guidelines do not recommend its use to treat acute cough.
- A number of other commercial cough treatments have not been shown to be effective in upper respiratory viral infections. These include in adults: antihistamines, a combination of antihistamines-decongestants, benzonateate, a combination of antidistmic-expectorant-mucolytics, a combination of expectorant-bronchodilators, leukotriene inhibitors, ambroxol, and guaifenesin. Sometimes with analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinergic; and in children: antihistamines, decongestants to clean the nose, or a combination of these leukotriene inhibitors for allergies and asthma. However, antihistamines can not be used as empirical therapy in cases of chronic cough, or non-specific especially in very young children. Long-term use of diphenhydramine is associated with negative outcomes in the elderly.
Alternative medicine
Honey can be the most effective cough medicine. A Cochrane review found evidence to recommend or against its use in children becoming weak. In light of this they found it was better than no treatment, placebo, and diphenhydramine but no better than dextromethorphan to relieve coughing symptoms. The use of honey as a cough treatment has been linked on several occasions with infantile botulism and therefore should not be used in children younger than one year.
Many alternative treatments are used to treat common cold. A 2007 review states that, "alternative therapies (ie, Echinacea, vitamin C, and zinc) are not recommended for treating common flu symptoms, however,... Vitamin C prophylaxis can reduce the duration and severity of common colds in the general population and may reduce incidence of disease in people affected by physical and environmental stress. "The 2014 review also found sufficient evidence for Echinacea.
A 2009 review found that evidence supporting the effectiveness of zinc mixed with cough, and Cochrane's review of 2011 concluded that zinc "given within 24 hours of symptom onset reduces the duration and severity of common cold in healthy people". A 2003 review concluded: "Clinical trial data support zinc values ​​in reducing the duration and severity of common flu symptoms when administered within 24 hours of the onset of ordinary flu symptoms." Zinc gels in the nose can cause permanent or permanent permanent odor loss. Therefore the FDA does not recommend its use.
Adverse effects
A number of unintentional overdoses and well documented side effects indicate caution in children. The FDA in 2015 warned that the use of codic cough medicines in children can cause respiratory problems.
Cough medicine can be used as a recreational medicine.
History
Heroin was originally marketed as a cough suppressant in 1898. At the time, it was believed to be a non-addictive alternative to other opiate cough syrups. This is immediately noticed correctly because heroin easily breaks down into morphine in the body. Morphine is already known for addiction.
Society and culture
Brand
Some of the brand names include: Benilyn, Sudafed, Robitussin, and Vicks. Most contain a number of active ingredients.
Economy
In the United States, several billion dollars are spent on products sold freely per year.
Poisoning
According to The New York Times, at least eight mass poisonings have occurred as a result of fake cough syrup, inadvertently replacing the medical grade glycerin with diethylene glycol, a cheap but toxic replacement of glycerin marketed for the industry. use. In May 2007, 365 deaths were reported in Panama, which was associated with cough syrup containing diethylene glycol.
Abuse
A number of cough medicines are often misused. These include those containing dextromethorphan and codeine. Abuse can cause physical distortion and hallucinations.
See also
- Throat candy
- Nin Jiom Pei Pa Koa, Chinese herbal cough syrup
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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