Plastic pipe is a tubular part, or hollow cylinder, made of plastic. Typically, but not necessarily, from a circular cross section, is used primarily to carry flowable substances - liquids and gases (liquids), slurries, powders and small solid masses. It can also be used for structural applications; Hollow pipe is much harder per unit weight than solid members.
Plastic pipe is used to drain drinking water, wastewater, chemicals, heating liquids and coolants, foodstuffs, ultra-pure fluids, sludges, gases, compressed air, and vacuum system applications.
Video Plastic pipework
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There are three basic types of plastic pipes:
Solid wall pipe
Extrusion pipes consisting of a single homogeneous matrix layer of thermoplastic material ready for use in the pipe
Structured wall pipe
Pipe and wall-structured fittings are products that have optimized designs related to the use of materials to achieve physical, mechanical and performance requirements. Structured Wall Pipes is a tailor-made solution for piping systems, for various applications and in many cases developed in collaboration with users
Pipe barrier
The pipe incorporates a flexible metal layer as the middle of the three bonded layers. Barrier pipes are used, for example, to provide additional protection for content that passes through pipes (especially drinking water) from aggressive chemicals or other pollution when placed on soil contaminated by prior use.
Most plastic pipe systems are made of thermoplastic material. The production method involves melting the material, shaping and then cooling. Pipes are usually produced by extrusion.
Maps Plastic pipework
Standard
Plastic pipe systems meet various service requirements. Standard products for plastic pipe systems are prepared in the CEN/TC155 standard committee. This requirement is described in a series of European Product Standards for each application along with its specific characteristics, for example:
- Drinking water delivery: Hygienic requirements
- Introduction to gas: Highest Security Requirements
- Plastic pipes for radiant heating and floor heating: Resist the temperature for decades
- Sewerage applications: High chemical resistance
Plastic pipe is able to meet specific requirements for each application. They do so for long life and with reliability and safety. The key success factor is achieved by maintaining consistently high quality levels. For plastic pipe products, these levels are determined by different standards. Two aspects are essentially important for the performance of plastic pipes: flexibility and long life.
Materials used
- ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)
- UPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride)
- CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride post)
- PB-1 (polybutylene)
- PP (polypropylene)
- PE (polyethylene) of various densities, also abbreviated LDPE, MDPE and HDPE (low, medium and high density polyethylene, medium density versions sometimes referred to as "black alkathene" in the UK)
- PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
- PE-RT (polyethylene RT)
- PEX (crosslinked polyethylene)
Material characteristics
ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is used to drain potable water, mud and chemicals. Most commonly used for DWV applications (drain-exhaust-ventilation). It has a wide temperature range, from -40 Â ° C to 60 Â ° C.
ABS is a thermoplastic material and was originally developed in the early 1950s for use in oil fields and chemical industries. Its material diversity and relative cost effectiveness have made it a popular engineering plastic. It can be customized for various applications by modifying the ratio of individual chemical components.
Therefore they are mainly used in industrial applications where high impact strength and rigidity are essential.
This material is also used in non-pressure piping systems for soil and waste.
uPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride)
uPVC is a thermoplastic material derived from common salt and fossil fuels. Pipe material has the longest track record of all plastic materials. The first uPVC pipes were made in the 1930s. Beginning in the 1950s, PVC pipes were used to replace rusted metal pipes and thereby bring fresh drinking water to the urban population and then the growing urban. Certified uPVC pipes are safe for drinking water per NSF Standard 61 and are widely used for water distribution and transmission pipelines throughout North America and around the world. uPVC is allowed for in-house waste lines and is the number one most frequently used channel for sanitation channels.
Further pressure and non-pressure applications in the field of sewer, soil and waste, gas (low pressure) and cable protection are immediately followed. The contribution of materials to public health, hygiene and wellbeing has become significant.
Polyvinyl chloride or uPVC (unplasticised PVC) pipes are unsuitable for hot water channels and have been restricted from US drainage for homes from 2006 to present. IRC Code P2904.5 uPVC Not listed.
uPVC has high chemical resistance across its operating temperature range, with broad band operating pressure. Maximum operating temperature is reported at 140 ° F, and maximum working pressure: 450 PSI. Due to its long-term strength characteristics, high rigidity and cost effectiveness, uPVC system accounts for most plastic piping installations and some estimates state that over two million miles of PVC pipes currently serve across applications.
CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride posts)
CPVC is resistant to many acids, bases, salts, paraffin hydrocarbons, halogens and alcohols. It is not resistant to solvents, aromatics and some chlorinated hydrocarbons. It can carry higher temperature liquids than uPVC with a maximum operating temperature of 200 ° F. Due to the greater temperature and chemical resistance thresholds, CPVC is one of the preferred main materials options in residential, commercial, and industrial water transport.
PB-1 (polybutylene)
PB-1 is used in pressure piping systems for potable hot and cold water, pre-isolated district heating networks, and surface heating and cooling systems. The main properties are the ability of welding, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. One standard type, PB 125, has the required minimum power (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. It also has a low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.
The PB-1 piping system is no longer sold in North America. Market share in Europe and Asia is small but continues to grow. In some markets, such as Kuwait, England, Korea and Spain, the PB-1 has a strong position.
PP (polypropylene)
Polypropylene is suitable for use with food ingredients, pure and ultra pure drinking water, as well as in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
PP is a thermoplastic polymer made of polypropylene. It was first discovered in the 1950s and has been used for pipes since the 1970s. Because of the high impact resistance combined with good rigidity and high chemical resistance makes this material suitable for sewer applications. Good performance at operating temperature range up to 60 Â ° C (continuous) makes this material suitable for inhouse & groundwater disposal systems Trash. A special grade PP with high temperature behavior up to 90 Â ° C (short term) makes the material a good choice for a warm water supply at home.
PE (polyethylene)
Polyethylene has been successfully used for safe transport of drinking water and waste, hazardous waste, and compressed gases for many years. Two variants are HDPE (high-density polyethylene) and PEX are more heat resistant (crosslinked polyethylene, also XLPE).
PE has been used for pipes since the early 1950s. PE pipes are made by extrusion in various dimension sizes. PE is lightweight, flexible and easy to weld. Its subtle interior finish ensures good flow characteristics. Sustainable material development has improved its performance, leading to a rapid increase in use by major water and gas companies around the world.
The pipes are also used in coating and trench-less technology, called non-digging applications where pipes are installed without digging trenches without interruption on the ground. Here the pipes can be used to coat the old pipe system to reduce leakage and improve water quality. Therefore, this solution helps engineers to rehabilitate ancient plumbing systems. Excavations are minimal and the process is done quickly underground.
Also for PE pipe material, some research shows a long track record with estimated life expectancy of more than 50 years.
Cross-linked polyethylene is often referred to as XLPE or PEX. It is a thermoplastic material that can be made in three different ways depending on how the crosslinking of the polymer chain is being made. PEX was developed in the 1950s. It has been used for pipes in Europe since the early 1970s and has gained rapid popularity over the last few decades. Often provided in rolls, it is flexible and can therefore be led around structures without fittings. Its strength at temperatures ranging from under freezing to almost boiling makes it an ideal pipe material for hot and cold water installations, under floor radiators and heating, de-icing and ceiling cooling applications
PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
PVDF has high chemical resistance which means that it is widely used in the chemical industry as a piping system for aggressive liquids.
uPVC (unplasticized polyvinyl chloride) Variant
Based on standard polyvinyl chloride materials, three other variants are in use.
One variant called OPVC, or PVCO, represents an important landmark in the history of plastic pipe technology. This high-performance, bi-axially oriented molecular version combines higher strength with extra impact resistance.
Dictail variant is MPVC, polyvinyl chloride modified with acrylic or chlorinated PE. The more brittle material with high fracture resistance is used in applications with higher demand where resistance to crack corrosion and stress is important. In some studies, a long track record of the uPVC pipeline has been investigated. Recent investigations in the KRV of Germany and the Dutch TNO have confirmed that the uPVC water pressure pipe, when properly installed has a useful life span of more than 100 years.
PE RT
Polyethylene from elevated temperature resistance or PE-RT extends the traditional properties of polyethylene. The increase in strength at high temperatures is thus possible through special molecular designs and control of manufacturing processes.
Its resistance to low or high temperatures makes PE-RT ideal for a wide range of hot and cold water pipe applications.
Characteristics
Long life of plastic piping system
Plastic pipes have been used for more than 50 years. The lifetime of plastic piping systems is predicted to exceed 100 years. Several industry studies have shown this prognosis.
Plastic pipe materials are always classified under long-term pressure testing. The time failure measured as a function of pressure in the pipe wall has been demonstrated in the Regression Curve.
Extrapolation based on measured failure time has been calculated to reach 50 years. The predicted failure voltage at 50 years is taken as the basis for classification. This value is called MRS, Minimum Required Stress, at 50 years.
Pipe System Failure
Some of the reasons why plastic pipe systems can fail are poor product bonding during installation and naturally occurring physical damage, such as from tree root infiltration.
Flexibility
Plastic pipe is classified based on the rigidity of the ring. The preferred stiffness classes as described in some product standards are: SN2, SN4, SN8 and SN16, where SN is Nominal Rigidity (kN/m2). Pipe rigidity is important if they withstand external load during installation. The higher the number, the more rigid the pipe.
After correct installation, pipeline deflection remains limited but will continue to some extent temporarily. With respect to the soil in which it is embedded, plastic pipes behave in a 'flexible' way. This means that a further deflection in time depends on the settlement of the soil around the pipe.
Basically, the pipe follows the ground motion or the settling of the backfill, as the technician called it. This means that good pipe installation will result in a good soil settlement. Further deflection will remain limited.
For flexible pipes, ground loading is distributed and supported by adjacent soil. Stress and strain caused by pipe deflection will occur inside the pipe wall. However, the induced pressure will never exceed the allowed limit value.
The thermoplastic behavior of the pipe material is such that the pressure induced becomes relaxed to a low level. It should be noted that the strains that are induced well below the allowable level.
This flexible behavior means that the pipeline will not fail. This will only show more deflection while maintaining its function without breaking.
However, the rigid pipes are essentially inflexible and will not follow the ground motion. They will bear all the burden of the land, whatever the settlement of the land. This means that when a rigid pipe is subjected to excessive loading, it will reach the limit for faster and breaking stress values.
It can therefore be concluded that the flexibility of the plastic pipe offers an additional dimension of safety. Buried pipes require flexibility
Plastic pressure pipe system components
Pipes, fittings, valves, and accessories form plastic pressure pipe systems. The range of pipe diameters for each pipeline system varies. However, the size ranges from 12 to 400 mm (0.472 to 15.748 in) and 3 / 8 up to 16 inches (9.53 to 406, 40 mm). The pipe is extruded and generally available in: 3 m (9.84 ft), 4 m (13,12 ft), 5 m (16,40 ft), and 6 m (19,69 ft) long straight and 25 m (82 m , 02 ft), 50 m (164.04Ã, ft), 100 m (328.08 ft), and 200 m (656.17 ft) coils for LDPE and HDPE.
Pipe fittings are printed and come in different sizes: tee 90 Â ° same (straight and reduce), tee 45 Â °, same cross, elbow 90 Â ° (straight and reduce), elbow 45 Â °, short fingers bend 90 Â ° socket/coupler (straight and reduced), union, end cap, reducing shrub, and stub, full face, and flanged blanking. Valves are formed and also come in many types: ball valves (also multiport valves), butterfly valves, spring-, ball-, and swing-check non-return valves, diaphragm valves, knife gate valves, globe valves and mitigation/reduction pressure valve. Accessories are solvents, cleaners, glue, clips, binder rings, and gaskets.
See also
- Piping
- Reinforced thermoplastic pipes
References
External links
-
. Plastic Pipes and Fittings: Trainee Guide . Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0-13-160042-7. David Areoughby (2002). Plastic Piping Handbook . McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN: 0-07-135956-7.
- Thomas Sixsmith & amp; R. Hanselka (1997). Thermoplastic Plumbing System Design Handbook . Marcel Dekker Ltd. ISBNÃ, 0-8247-9846-5. David A. Chasis (1988). Plastic Piping System . Press Industry. ISBNÃ, 0-8311-1181-X.
- Technical Committee ISO TC 138 - Plastic pipe, fittings and valves for liquid transport
- ASTM Plastics Pipe Standards
- Institute of Plastic Pipes (PPI)
- Plastic Pipes and Fittings Association (PPFA)
- European Plastic Pipes and Fittings Association (TEPPFA)
- Union-Bell Association of UPVC Pipes
- PVC4Pipes (uPVC Global Pipe trading association)
- http://www.teppfa.eu/why-use-plastic-pipe-systems/
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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