Performance-enhancing substances , also known as performance-enhancing drugs ( PED ), are substances used to improve the performance of human shapes. A well-known example involves doping in sports, where physical enhancement-prohibited performance drugs are used by athletes and bodybuilders. Compounds improve athlete performance are sometimes referred to as ergogenic aids . Cognitive performance enhancing drugs, commonly called nootropics, are sometimes used by students to improve academic performance. Performance booster substances are also used by military personnel to improve combat performance.
The use of performance enhancing drugs includes the category of legitimate use and substance abuse.
Video Performance-enhancing substance
Definisi
The classification of substances as performance-enhancing agents is not entirely clear and objective. As in other types of categorization, certain prototype performance enhancers are universally classified as such (such as anabolic steroids), whereas other substances (such as vitamins and protein supplements) are hardly ever classified as performance enhancers despite their effect on performance. As always with categorization, there are boundary cases; Caffeine, for example, is considered a performance enhancer by some but not others.
Maps Performance-enhancing substance
Type
This phrase is used to refer to different classes of drugs:
- Anabolic medicines build muscle; examples include steroid hormones, especially human growth hormones, as well as some of their prodrugs, selective androgen receptor modulators and beta-2 agonists.
- The stimulants increase focus and alertness. Low doses of dopaminergic stimulants (eg, reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents) also improve cognitive and athletic performance, as nootropics and ergogenic aids, by increasing muscle strength and endurance while reducing reaction time and fatigue; some examples of athletic performance enhancement stimulants are caffeine, ephedrine, methylphenidate, and amphetamines.
- Ergonomic tools , or athletic performance enhancing agents , including a number of drugs with various effects on physical performance. Drugs such as amphetamine and methylphenidate increase the power output at a constant level of perceived power delivery and delay the onset of fatigue, among other performance enhancement effects of athletics; bupropion also increases the power output at a constant level of exertion, but only during short-term use. Creatine, a nutritional supplement commonly used by athletes, increases the capacity of high-intensity exercise.
- Human biomolecules - creatine and? -hydroxy? -methylbutyrate is a naturally occurring compound in humans that has an ergogenic effect and a good effect on the body composition when administered.
- Adaptogen is a crop that supports health through nonspecific effects, neutralizes various environmental and physical stresses while relatively safe and free from side effects. In 2008, the position of the European Drug Agency was that "The principle of adaptogenic action requires further clarification and studies in pre-clinical and clinical fields, so the term is not accepted in the pharmacological and clinical terminology commonly used in the EU." Nootropics, or "cognitive enhancement," benefits overall cognition by increasing memory (for example, increasing memory capacity or updating) or other aspects of cognitive control (eg, inhibitory control, attention control, attention ranges, etc.).
- Painkillers allow performance beyond the ordinary pain threshold. Some pain relievers increase blood pressure, increasing the supply of oxygen to muscle cells. The painkillers used by athletes range from over-the-counter common medicines such as NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen) to strongly prescribed narcotics.
- Sedatives and anxiolytics are sometimes used in sports such as archery that require stable hands and accurate goals, and also to overcome anxiety or excessive discomfort. Diazepam and propranolol are common examples; ethanol and marijuana are also used occasionally.
- The blood boosters (blood
) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood beyond the individual's natural capacity. They are used in endurance sports like long distance running, cycling, and Nordic skiing. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is one of the most widely known drugs in this class. The - Gene doping agent is a class that has recently been described as an athletic performance enhancing agent. This drug therapy, which involves gene-mediated viral transfer, is currently unknown for use in April 2015.
Use in sports
In sports, the words performance-enhancing drugs are popularly used in reference to anabolic steroids or their precursors (hence the term "steroids" daily); anti-doping organizations apply this term extensively. There are institutions such as WADA and USADA that try to prevent athletes from using these drugs by conducting drug tests. WADA was founded on November 10, 1999 by Dick Pound. The World Anti-doping Agency focuses on establishing and enforcing the rules and codes of all sports worldwide. Their goal is to make all sports played fairly among all athletes in doping-free organizations with the power to prevent athletes from using any form of performance enhancing drug. USADA from 1 October 2000 as a non-profit organization consisting of nine members. Five of them are former Olympic athletes with four others selected from independent companies. It is a US Anti-doping Agency and has the ability to test athletes nationwide. Steroids and performance-enhancing drugs are used in all sports organizations worldwide.
See also
- Bodybuilding Supplement
- Ergonomic use of anabolic steroids
- List of doping cases in sports
- The use of steroids in American football
- List of drugs used by the military
References
External links
- Media related to Ergogenic help on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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